Glaucoma

TRPV4 modulates substrate stiffness mechanosensing and transcellular pore formation in human Schlemm's canal cells Pathological changes in the biomechanical environment of Schlemm's canal (SC) inner wall cells, such as substrate stiffening and increased cellular stretch, are associated with ocular hypertension, a key risk factor for the development of glaucoma. Cell membrane stretch can trigger the activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) mechanosensitive ion channels, allowing calcium influx…

GPX4 Promotes Optic Nerve Regeneration and RGC Neuroprotection Preventing retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)'s soma and axon degeneration and promoting optic nerve (ON) regeneration holds great promise for effective glaucoma treatment. To explore potential neural repair strategies, we focused on glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), a key regulator of lipid peroxidation. GPX4 is upregulated in surviving RGCs after acute ON crush or chronic ocular hypertension…

Targeting Senescence, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation: Quercetin-Based Strategies for Ocular Diseases in Older Adults Quercetin, a flavonol abundant in fruits and vegetables, has attracted significant attention for its senotherapeutic effects, which involve the selective elimination of senescent cells and the modulation of pro-inflammatory phenotypes that contribute to age-related dysfunctions. These actions, together with its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and anti-angiogenic properties, make quercetin a promising strategy for ocular diseases associated…

An Outflow of Trials, Tribulations, and Perseverance No abstract

Sulcus Tube in a Patient with Axenfeld-Rieger Syndrome No abstract

Netarsudil v/s Ripasudil: The battle of supremacy between two ROCKS-I (rho kinase inhibitors) CONCLUSION: Topical netarsudil 0.02% once daily was well tolerated with fewer side effects and in reducing IOP than topical ripasudil 0.4% twice daily dosing in POAG patients. Netarsudil 0.02% once daily may be considered an important option for the IOP control in POAG.

Transcription factor SP1 drives TGF-β1-induced transformation of human tenon's capsule fibroblasts by transcription activation-mediated SNAI2 upregulation CONCLUSION: SP1-activated SNAI2 transcription promotes TGF-β1-triggered HTF viability, migration, invasion, ECM deposition, and autophagy, which provides a promising therapeutic target for glaucoma treatment.

Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium CONCLUSIONS: The current and future burden of glaucoma in Europe may be substantially higher than previously estimated, with a considerable proportion of disease in the general population remaining undetected. This may have broader implications for other age-related conditions where the number of affected individuals is based solely on published aggregate-level data.

Irregular temporal fluctuations in visual, cognitive and emotional brain regions in primary open-angle glaucoma patients Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is now seen as a progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder. Previvors neuroimaging studies neglect dynamic brain activity, assuming static patterns in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), while intrinsic brain activity is dynamic and fluctuates over time. To test the time-varying brain activity in POAG patients, a temporal dynamic analysis of rs-fMRI data was…

Antineovascular Effects of Coenzyme Q10 and Vitamin E Combination in Corneal Neovascularization: A Pilot Study Purpose: To evaluate and compare the effects of subconjunctival injection of coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) and vitamin E (Vit E) ophthalmic solution (Coqun®) with subconjunctival bevacizumab in a suture-induced corneal neovascularization (CoNV) rabbit model. Materials and Methods: CoNV was induced in the right eyes of 24 New Zealand rabbits using a 7.0 silk suture. One week…

Presumed bupropion-associated acute bilateral angle-closure with uveal effusions Herein, we report a case of a woman in late adulthood with bilateral acute angle closure crisis (AACC) secondary to uveal effusions exacerbated by bupropion. Near vision was 20/20 in both eyes and intraocular pressure (IOP) was 40 and 45 mmHg in the right (OD) and left eye (OS), respectively. We noted bilateral chemosis, uniformly…

Effects of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 on Steroid-Induced Extracellular Matrix Accumulation in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells Long-term steroid use, though essential for treating eye diseases, can cause increased intraocular pressure (IOP) in susceptible individuals and may lead to steroid-induced glaucoma in a subset of patients. This study investigated the effect of bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) on steroid-induced extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis in human trabecular meshwork (TM) cells. We sought to explore…

Circadian clocks and their role in kidney and eye diseases across organ systems Circadian rhythms, the body's intrinsic 24-h cycles, regulate essential physiological processes across multiple organ systems. Disruptions in these rhythms are increasingly recognized as significant contributors to chronic kidney disease and ocular diseases such as glaucoma, dry eye disease, and diabetic retinopathy. This review examines the interconnections between circadian rhythms in kidney and eye health, focusing…

Multifaceted behavioral interventions to improve topical glaucoma therapy adherence in adults RATIONALE: Glaucoma is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness, characterized by optic nerve damage and commonly by increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical medical therapy is the most common first-line treatment option, yet adherence to these medications is notably low. Improving medication adherence is critical for managing glaucoma effectively.

Ocular Hypertension or Glaucoma Risk Factor Prediction Models for Patients with Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome CONCLUSION: The most significant risk factors for OHT/glaucoma in patients with FUS were ocularor systemic corticosteroid treatment, recurrence at least three times per year, and male sex. The TCPM demonstrated the highest utility and performance for predicting OHT/glaucoma in these patients.

Metabolite Analysis from Protein Deposits Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an age-related ocular disorder marked by the formation of proteinaceous extracellular deposits on the anterior ocular structures and other organs. Although the exact pathogenic mechanism of PEX deposit formation remains unclear, these deposits can elevate intraocular pressure, potentially leading to optic nerve degeneration and pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (PEXG), a severe form of…

Preparation of Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells for Metabolomic Studies The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a sieve-like structure within the anterior chamber of the eye responsible for the drainage of aqueous humor and regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Dysfunctional TM causes resistance to aqueous outflow and ocular hypertension (elevated IOP), the only modifiable risk factor in the development of glaucoma. The study of metabolites, small…

Association between life's essential 8 cardiovascular health score and glaucoma risk: evidence from NHANES CONCLUSION: Better cardiovascular health, as assessed by LE8 scores, is associated with reduced glaucoma risk. The LE8 score could help identify individuals at high risk for glaucoma, though longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Retrospective study of compliance and persistence of topical ophthalmic medications prescribed to dogs at a veterinary teaching hospital CONCLUSIONS: Type, frequency, and access to medication, appointment type, and recheck factors influenced MCP in this population.

Conjunctival burn using micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation We report the case of a 37-year-old patient who experienced a conjunctival burn due to overheating of the probe of a micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation device. Fortunately, the outcome was favorable; however, the persistent conjunctival fibrosis may pose future surgical problems for this young glaucoma patient. It is essential to be aware of this rare complication…

Electrochemical immunosensing for rapid glaucoma disease diagnosis through simultaneous determination of SPP1 and GAS6 proteins in ocular fluids The present work reports the development of the first electrochemical immunoplatform for the simultaneous determination of Osteopontin (SPP1) and Growth Arrest-Specific 6 (GAS6) proteins, novel glaucoma-related biomarkers, involving magnetic microparticles (μMPs), specific capture (CAb) and detection (DAb) antibodies further labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the selective and sensitive sandwiching of both proteins and amperometric…

Efficacy and Safety Evaluation of a New Full Visual Range versus Monofocal IOL in Cataract Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Canadian Clinical Trial CONCLUSION: The FVR group exhibited a continuous range of vision from distance to near. Postoperatively, more than 90% of FVR patients were satisfied with their near vision and had no difficulty doing near vision tasks while being spectacle-free.

Comparison of Normal Tension Glaucoma and Preperimetric Glaucoma and Changes in Medication Use: A Multicenter Survey in Japan CONCLUSION: NTG was more prevalent than PPG in this population. Patients with PPG were significantly younger and required fewer medications compared to those with NTG.

Vision & the Ageing Surgeon: A Review Populations in the developed world are ageing and their surgeons are no exception. Accurate vision is essential for the surgeon to operate effectively, yet optimal vision has an expiry date in advancing age. This review examines the effects of ageing on the eye with particular focus on the visual changes of significance to senior surgeons…

A Study of 24-h Efficacy and Safety of Sepetaprost vs. Latanoprost in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension CONCLUSION: In participants with POAG or OHT, mean 24-h IOP and nocturnal IOP at month 3 were consistently numerically lower with sepetaprost vs. latanoprost. Safety profiles were similar between groups.

Leveraging molecular-QTL co-association to predict novel disease-associated genetic loci using a graph convolutional neural network Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have successfully uncovered numerous associations between genetic variants and disease traits to date. Yet, identifying significantly associated loci remains a considerable challenge due to the concomitant multiple-testing burden of performing such analyses genome-wide. Here, we leverage the genetic associations of molecular traits - DNA CpG-site methylation status and RNA expression -…

Prospective study of a rotating gantry with scanning beams of carbon-ion radiotherapy for choroidal malignant melanoma To evaluate the safety of a rotating gantry with scanning beams of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for choroidal malignant melanoma. A prospective study of C-ion RT using a rotating gantry with scanning beams for choroidal malignant melanoma was initiated at the National Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital in March 2018. The inclusion…

Assessing Tear Secretory Response in Health and Disease Using a Novel i-Onion Device CONCLUSION: The i-Onion device demonstrated that TRV was preserved in elderly individuals with glaucoma and cataract, despite decreased BTV with age and disease.

The pivotal role of inflammatory factors in glaucoma: a systematic reviewGlaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible vision loss, is becoming more prevalent with the aging population, burdening patients, families, and society. In the past, the role of inflammatory factors in its pathogenesis was overlooked. This systematic review, based on a PubMed search and strict screening of 61 articles, selected 19 for in-depth analysis. It was…

Age-Related Dysregulation of α5β1 and αvβ3 Integrin Activity Alters Contractile Properties of Trabecular Meshwork CellsCONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that age-related dysregulation of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrin signaling may represent an important early molecular event in inducing fibrogenic pathways associated with POAG.

Retroprosthetic Membrane Is Associated With Subsequent Development of de Novo Angle Closure in Eyes With Boston KeratoprosthesisCONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant association between RPM formation and de novo angle closure in eyes with Boston KPro. Our study findings strongly suggest that RPM formation plays a role in inducing angle closure, contributing to glaucoma development, and is the first study to provide AS-OCT evidence of potential causality. Understanding these associations can…

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Lower Levels of Endogenous Intraocular Interferon Beta in Patients with Primary GlaucomaPurpose: Glaucoma, a neurodegenerative condition of the optic nerve is driven by increased intraocular pressure (IOP) due to fibrotic changes of the trabecular meshwork (TM). Interferon beta (IFN-β), a pleiotropic cytokine is known for its neuroprotective and antifibrotic potential. Hence, we investigated the intraocular status of IFN-β in patients with primary glaucoma. Methods: Aqueous humor…

Factors Influencing the Incidence and Onset of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma in the Unaffected Eye of DogsCONCLUSIONS: No treatment regimen was found to be superior to another for PACG prophylaxis. Future prospective studies are warranted to investigate complementary glaucoma management strategies.

Traumatic Glaucoma Managed With Ab Interno Trabeculotomy (Trabectome): A Case ReportA 55-year-old patient sustained a bungee cord injury to his left eye, resulting in a traumatic cataract, vitreous prolapse into the anterior chamber, and extensive angle recession. Despite cataract surgery with pars plana vitrectomy and maximal medical therapy, intraocular pressure (IOP) remained elevated at 40 mmHg. The patient was diagnosed with mixed-mechanism traumatic glaucoma. Ab…

Efficacy and complications of microcatheter-assisted minimally invasive glaucoma surgery for open-angle glaucoma: A systematic review and network meta-analysisMicrocatheter-assisted minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) procedures is increasingly being used as an alternative to trabeculectomy combined with mitomycin C (MMC Trab) for controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in open-angle glaucoma (OAG), but there are no head-to-head trials comparing diNerent microcatheter-assisted MIGS procedures and MMC Trab. We evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of microcatheter-assisted MIGS…

Outcomes of transition clinic in childhood glaucomaNo abstract

Paying attention to complications related to intraocular lensesThis article highlights the significant impact of complications following intraocular lens (IOL) implantation on visual recovery and quality of life, urging a multifaceted approach to address these challenges. The author discusses the clinical complexities of IOL opacification, uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema syndrome, capsular block syndrome, and optical disturbances, which are often overlooked or misdiagnosed. A comprehensive strategy involving…

Primary open-angle glaucoma: a perspective from plasma metabolomicsINTRODUCTION: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an optic neuropathy, characterized by progressive loss of visual field, loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve damage. The diagnosis and management of POAG involves tests such as static perimetry, tonometry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to track progressive structural and functional changes. All these methods have…

3D traction force microscopy in human trabecular meshwork tissues: Effects of ROCK and YAP/TAZ inhibition in normal and glaucomatous tissuesPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with an estimated 112 million people projected to be affected by 2040. The primary risk factor for POAG is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is primarily driven by increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow through the conventional outflow pathway. Despite its prevalence, the…

Enhanced glaucoma detection using U-Net and U-Net+ architectures using deep learning techniquesThis study compares multiple image processing and deep learning methods to demonstrate an enhanced approach to glaucoma diagnosis. The approach focuses on noise reduction using median filtering and optic disc segmentation utilizing the U-Net and U-Net+ architectures. Capsule Networks were utilized for feature extraction and Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) for diagnostic classification. Three datasets were…

Surgical Techniques for Cosmetic Eye Color Change: A Narrative ReviewThe desire for permanent cosmetic change of eye color has driven the development of various surgical techniques aimed at achieving this transformation, pursuing more enduring solutions. This demand has led to the emergence of three primary surgical approaches: cosmetic iris implants, laser iris depigmentation, and cosmetic keratopigmentation (KTP). Each technique presents distinct advantages, yet also…

Cytokine Profiling and Clinical Correlates of Conjunctival Wound Healing After Trabeculectomy: Implications for Scar Formation in Glaucoma PatientsCONCLUSION: Elevated levels of TGF-β, PDGF, CTGF, and IL-6, along with bleb leakage, are risk factors for filtering bleb scarring after glaucoma surgery.

Proteome cargo and functional heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and differentiated cells of human trabecular meshworkCONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive protein profiling of TMSC-derived sEV, demonstrating the presence of functional proteins and their capacity to regulate the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways in the recipient TM cells. This highlights the potential of TMSC sEV in advancing cell-free therapeutic strategies for POAG in future.

Retinal Hyperreflective Foci Are Biomarkers of Ocular Disease: A Scoping Review With Evidence From Humans and Insights From Animal ModelsBackground: Abnormalities in the retina have a profound impact on vision, and accurate diagnosis and monitoring are essential for effective clinical management. Retinal hyperreflective foci (HRF), lesions, or dots, identified using optical coherence tomography (OCT), are observed in both animals and humans and have been associated with several ocular conditions, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related…

Histopathological changes in the trabecular meshwork in primary congenital glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Increased cellularity, zonal expansion and mesenchymal changes in specific TM regions suggest aberrant differentiation and differential dysgenesis of different TM regions in PCG.

Incidence and risk factors of ocular hypertension following ıntravitreal dexamethasone implantation: the role of baseline intraocular pressureCONCLUSION: Intravitreal Ozurdex implantation is associated with a significant increase in IOP, necessitating close monitoring. Higher baseline IOP and male gender were identified as major risk factors. While the majority of cases were successfully managed with topical therapy, a small proportion required surgical intervention. Further research is warranted to improve risk stratification and optimize management…

Drug Utilization, Adherence and Predictors of Drug-Changes and Discontinuation of Glaucoma Drug TherapiesCONCLUSION: Older age and chronic polypharmacy were key predictors of therapy changes and discontinuation. Prostaglandin analogues and beta-blocker agents demonstrated greater therapy stability. These findings emphasize further need for targeted interventions to improve adherence and persistence, particularly among older patients and those with complex medication regimens.

A comparison of optic disc size and retinal thickness between a glaucomatous and nonglaucomatous African populationCONCLUSIONS: The identified parameters may aid eye-health professionals in determining POAG risk for Ghanaians to allow for early detection and management.

Advanced Age Worsens Phenotypes of Ocular Hypertension in MiceGlaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a major cause of blindness. The two most important risk factors for glaucoma are ocular hypertension (OHT) and advanced age. In this study, we explored the combined impact of aging and OHT on retinal neuronal and microvasculature health. We induced…

Incidence and Prevalence of Glaucoma, Corticosteroid Response, and Ocular Hypertension in Uveitis and its Anatomical SubtypesCONCLUSIONS: Since 2013, the incidence and prevalence rates of uveitic glaucoma have been decreasing. Patients with both anterior and intermediate uveitis patients had the highest relative rates of glaucoma compared to other uveitis subtypes.

Complications and Management of Cosmetic Iris ImplantsCONCLUSIONS: This case series demonstrates that cosmetic iris implants are associated with serious sight-threatening complications including corneal decompensation, glaucoma, and uveitis. Many patients required multiple surgical interventions after explantation, highlighting the long-term morbidity associated with these devices. The authors recommend that cosmetic iris implantation should be banned worldwide given the substantial risks and lack of…

Incidence and risk factors for glaucoma and its clinical, mental health and economic impact in an elderly population: a longitudinal studyCONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma incidence rate varies among geographical regions in China. Several risk factors for incident glaucoma were identified. In addition, glaucoma was found to be associated with multiple physical and psychosocial outcomes. Targeted public health strategies are needed, emphasising early detection and better vision care, to alleviate the burden of glaucoma and improve well-being.

Computerized Analysis of the Eye Vasculature in a Mass Dataset of Digital Fundus Images: The Example of Age, Sex, and Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: This novel methodology allows for the comprehensive and quantitative analysis of retinal vasculature, facilitating the investigation of its correlations with specific diseases. By enabling the reproducible analysis of extensive datasets, this approach provides valuable insights into the state of retinal vascular health and its broader implications for cardiovascular and ocular health. The software developed…

Managing uveitic glaucoma with the Hydrus Microstent: A paradigm shift in surgical solutionsNo abstract

Hsa-MiR-483 -3p regulates the extracellular matrix proteins via TGFβ2/SMAD4 signaling in the glucocorticoid-responsive human trabecular meshwork cellsThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of hsa-miR-483-3p on the regulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in cultured human trabecular meshwork (HTM) cells with known steroid response. Primary cultures of HTM cells with known steroid responsiveness [GC-responder (GC-R) and GC-Non-responder (GC-NR) cells] were grown on coverslip in 12-well plate until 80% confluence…

The clinical efficacy of combining endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) with cataract extraction in the therapeutic intervention for malignant glaucoma following trabeculectomyCONCLUSIONS: The combination of ECP and cataract extraction proves to be a safe and effective therapeutic approach for managing malignant glaucoma following anti-glaucoma surgery.

Diagnosis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Mental Health StatusCONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: These findings support the need for further studies to confirm the association between POAG diagnosis and a decrease in mental health score and to develop strategies to inform patients about their POAG diagnosis without producing undue distress, anxiety, and depression.

Appreciating the Role of Mental Health in Glaucoma Diagnosis and CareNo abstract

Short-Term Rates of Visual Field Change Predict Glaucoma ProgressionCONCLUSIONS: The rates of initial VF MD change over 2 years predict subsequent progression events based on FDA-consistent criteria in both early and moderate-to-advanced glaucoma eyes. These findings suggest initial VF MD change rates identify patients at higher risk of future progression, enabling timely management decisions and also potentially serving as a progression endpoint in…

Outcomes of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy treated with Anti-VEGF therapy and/or PRP in the United States who were Lost to Follow UpCONCLUSIONS: Patients who are LTFU develop serious vision-threatening complications and are at risk for vision loss when they return for care. Future efforts should aim to maximize adherence with treatment for PDR to prevent vision loss.

High burden of blindness at initial hospitalisation with primary angle-closure glaucoma in a national multicentre study in ChinaCONCLUSIONS: In China, two out of every five PACG patients presenting for initial hospitalisation experienced blindness in at least one eye. Efforts to reduce this burden should focus on improving diagnostic and treatment services at city-level facilities in rural settings while focusing on older patients presenting with higher IOP.

Assessing the relationship between different sleep traits and retinal neurodegenerative diseases: A bidirectional Mendelian randomization studyhis bidirectional Mendelian randomization (MR) study assessed causal relationships between sleep traits (chronotype, sleep duration, insomnia) and retinal neurodegenerative diseases (RNDs), including open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR). Using genome-wide association study data and inverse variance weighting, we found chronotype significantly increased DR risk (OR: 1.60, p = 0.023). Reverse MR…

Management outcomes and clinical features of combined exfoliation syndrome with angle closure glaucomaThis study investigated the distinctive features and management outcomes of combined exfoliation syndrome and angle-closure glaucoma (XFS-PACG) through a prospective, multicenter observational cohort study including 350 patients (118 XFS, 127 PACG, 105 combined XFS-PACG). Combined pathology demonstrated unique characteristics including bimodal diurnal IOP fluctuations, asymmetric angle closure correlating with exfoliation material distribution, and accelerated zonular…

Application of advanced diffusion MRI based tractometry of the visual pathway in glaucoma: a systematic reviewCONCLUSIONS: This review enhances our understanding of WM changes in glaucoma and highlights the potential for dMRI tractometry as a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of the disease. By quantifying WM changes, tractometry offers valuable insights not only into the visual pathway but also into brain regions affected by glaucoma. This could lead…

Pediatric cataract-part 2 : Surgical treatmentPediatric cataract surgery is very different from adult cataract surgery. A profound understanding of surgical technique, age at time of surgery, combined ocular and systemic diseases to be associated with long-term functional or morphological outcomes is important for planning and performing treatment of cataracts in children. Increased intra- and postoperative risk and individual amblyogenic risk…

Aqueous humor cytokines levels and illuminated microcatheter-assisted circumferential trabeculotomy outcome in open-angle glaucoma patients: a 24-month prospective studyCONCLUSION: Higher concentrations of CCL2, ICAM-1, IL-6 and CXCL10 in the aqueous humor were related to the failure of MAT surgery in OAG patients, and chemokine signaling pathway might be associated with the surgical outcome.

Ocular Findings as the Most Striking Manifestation of a SMAD3 VariantLoeys-Dietz syndrome (LDS) is a heritable connective tissue disorder with variable expressivity. It is a multisystemic condition mainly characterized by a propensity for arterial aneurysms and dissections, skeletal manifestations, hypertelorism, bifid uvula, craniosynostosis, and cutaneous features. While LDS has significant clinical overlap with other heritable connective tissue disorders such as Marfan syndrome, the ocular manifestations…

GONet: A Generalizable Deep Learning Model for Glaucoma DetectionGlaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), affecting an estimated 64.3 million people globally, causes irreversible vision loss when not detected early. Traditional diagnosis requires time-consuming ophthalmic examinations by specialists. Recent deep learning models for automating GON detection from colour fundus photographs (CFP) have shown promise but often suffer from limited generalizability across different ethnicities, disease groups and…

Comparative Study on Transcorneal Permeability of Different Organic Moiety-Modified Organosilica Nanocarriers in Porcine Eyes for Glaucoma TreatmentElevated intraocular pressure is a key pathogenic factor in glaucoma, often leading to irreversible vision loss. In previous studies, we developed a novel hollow mesoporous organosilica nanocarrier functionalized with manganese(III) tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (HMMN), demonstrating superior efficacy in treating primary open-angle glaucoma. This study presents a comparative analysis of the transcorneal permeability of HMMNs modified with thioether,…

Inclusion cysts after manual small incision cataract surgery: insights into presentation, management and outcomesWe report a series of three patients who developed conjunctival inclusion cysts following manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Presenting symptoms included foreign body sensation and ocular irritation, sometimes mistaken for filtering blebs. Diagnosis was confirmed through slit-lamp examination, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Surgical management varied: two cases underwent…

Open-angle glaucoma: Who is affected and what are the risk factors?Open-angle glaucoma is one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Germany. Because open-angle glaucoma involves the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, which results in irreversible visual field and visual acuity impairments, early detection of the disease is crucial. This article presents and evaluates the…

Nutritional therapy in ophthalmology-patients' interest and motivationCONCLUSION: Our patients who were surveyed had high interest in nutritional therapy for ophthalmologic diseases, and were also theoretically motivated to implement it. Patients with sicca, glaucoma and AMD were more motivated; however this was not related to the stage of their disease. Most patients are willing to only pay small amounts for the consultation.

Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation versus slow coagulation in refractory glaucoma: study protocol of a randomized clinical trialBACKGROUND: Traditional continuous diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TCW-TSCPC) has been used for decades to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing aqueous humor (AH) production in patients with glaucoma. Micropulse cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) and slow coagulation (SC-TSCPC) are the newest transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) techniques that result in lower inflammation and complication rates compared to the traditional technique.…

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography for Ab externo PreserFlo MicroShunt in glaucoma surgeryPurposeThis study aims to introduce an innovative surgical technique for facilitating the insertion and precise positioning of the PreserFlo MicroShunt (PMS) using intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT).MethodsiOCT was employed to determine the transscleral route, entry point into the anterior chamber (AC), trajectory of the PMS within the AC, and final intracameral and scleral positioning of…

From Velocity to Acceleration: A Perspective on Age-Related Visual Field Progression in GlaucomaThe conventional evaluation of visual field (VF) progression in glaucoma often relies on linear regression to estimate the rate of decline, focusing on velocity (dB/year). However, this approach may underestimate future progression, particularly in elderly patients. This editorial highlights the importance of incorporating acceleration (dB/year²) into clinical assessments of VF loss. Using physiological and pathological…

Editorial: Exploring new therapeutic frontiers in Glaucoma: from molecular targets to patient outcomesNo abstract

Genetic Spectrum and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in a Chinese Cohort With Nanophthalmos With Secondary Angle-Closure GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese patients with NSACG, PRSS56 and MFRP were the predominant AR variants, whereas MYRF and TMEM98 were the main AD variants. Genetic diagnosis exhibited shorter AL and a more crowded anterior segment, leading to accelerated glaucoma progression. The faster glaucoma progression in AD cases highlights the need for early intervention.

PRMT5 Regulates Senescence in Retinal Ganglion Cells by Targeting the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling CascadeCONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings highlight the critical role of the PRMT5-regulated Wnt/β-catenin pathway in RGC senescence and neurodegeneration. Targeting this pathway represents a promising therapeutic strategy for glaucoma.

Cross-Tissue Transcriptome-Wide Association Study Identifies Novel Genes Associated With POAGCONCLUSIONS: This study identified six genes associated with POAG, three of which were novel, offering novel insights into its genetic architecture and systemic regulatory mechanisms.

Interocular Asymmetry of OCT Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Values in a Normative Population: The Framingham Heart StudyCONCLUSIONS: The 95% limits for average RNFL and CDR were within 12.7 microns and 0.2 units, respectively, between eyes.

The glymphatic system in oncology: from the perspective of a radiation oncologistThe brain and spinal cord, which constitute the central nervous system, were historically considered immune-privileged sites, as it was believed they lacked an equivalent to the systemic lymphatic system. However, in 2013, a pathway facilitating the clearance of waste products through the brain parenchyma via the perivascular space was proposed, garnering attention as the 'glymphatic…

Dynamic regulation of thermal-responsive fibers for mitomycin C-controlled delivery on glaucoma drainage device implantationBleb fibrosis remains the most common reason for glaucoma surgery failure. Although mitomycin C (MMC) is often used to inhibit fibrosis during glaucoma drainage device (GDD) implantation, the effective reaction time of anti-fibrosis could not cover the dynamic process of wound healing. To enable noninvasive dynamic ocular drug release, we fabricated MMC-loaded thermos-responsive fiber membranes…

Integrin alphavbeta6 mediates the effects of age-related decreases in matrix stiffness on Tenon's fibroblast activation and bleb scarring in glaucomaGlaucoma, including primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and primary angle-closure glaucoma, leads to optic nerve injury and visual field loss, often necessitating surgical intervention to lower intraocular pressure (IOP). Trabeculectomy, the most common glaucoma surgery, could fail due to excessive scarring of the filtering bleb, driven by the hyperproliferation of human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs). Herein, the…

Effect of Myocilin E414K Variant on the Pathogenesis of Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaIntroduction Primary open-angle glaucoma is a chronic, multifactorial condition of optic neuropathy. While the exact cause of the disease is not well understood, mutations in the protein myocilin, particularly within the olfactomedin (OLF) domain, have been associated with the development of increased intraocular pressure and open-angle glaucoma. However, many variants of uncertain significance of myocilin…

Biomechanical properties of the trabecular meshwork in intraocular pressure regulation: a reviewCONCLUSION: Abnormal biomechanical properties of the trabecular meshwork play a critical role in aqueous humor outflow disorders.

Repeatability of Fractal Analysis in OCT Angiography of the Macula and Optic Nerve HeadCONCLUSIONS: High repeatability of OCTA vessel density measurements using fractal analysis was observed in the macula and ONH regions, supporting its potential utility in monitoring vascular changes in glaucoma. Future studies should investigate its diagnostic accuracy and ability to detect disease progression.

Synergistic AI-resident approach achieves superior diagnostic accuracy in tertiary ophthalmic care for glaucoma and retinal diseaseINTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) shows promise in ophthalmology, but its potential in tertiary care settings in Latin America remains understudied. We present a Mexican AI-powered screening tool and evaluate it against first-year ophthalmology residents in a tertiary care setting in Mexico City.

Impact of Optic Nerve Tortuosity, Globe Proptosis, and Size on Retinal Ganglion Cell Thickness Across General, Glaucoma, and Myopic PopulationsCONCLUSIONS: Straighter optic nerves and decreased ILPP distance could cause RNFL thinning, possibly due to greater traction forces. ILPP distance emerged as a potential biomarker of axonal health. These findings underscore the importance of orbit structures in RGC axonal health and warrant further research into orbit biomechanics.

Incidence of and factors associated with brimonidine allergyCONCLUSIONS: Approximately 5.5% of brimonidine users developed brimonidine allergy, which typically manifested at 32 weeks. Concurrent artificial tear and tafluprost use increased brimonidine allergy risk, whereas topical steroids' concomitant use reduced the risk.

A Rare Presentation of an Ocular Ischemic Syndrome Complicated by Neovascular Glaucoma in a Patient With Mild Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Case ReportA 72-year-old male with hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and gout presented with painless blurred vision in the right eye, with intermittent ipsilateral headache for six months. Upon presentation, the right eye vision was 6/60 pinhole 6/36, with the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect. An anterior segment examination revealed right…

HOCPCA Exerts Neuroprotection on Retinal Ganglion Cells by Binding to CaMKIIalpha and Modulating Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Experimental GlaucomaNeuronal injury in glaucoma persists despite effective intraocular pressure (IOP) control, necessitating neuroprotective strategies for retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective role of the γ-hydroxybutyrate analog HOCPCA in a glaucoma model, focusing on its effects on CaMKII signaling, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammatory responses. Retinal tissue from high IOP animal models…

Therapeutic Effects and Molecular Mechanisms of KD025 in Intraocular Pressure RegulationCONCLUSIONS: KD025 demonstrates effective IOP-lowering capabilities in rodent models. Its mechanism likely involves modulating TM cell contractility (via α-SMA reduction) and inhibiting cell migration. The unexpected findings on fibronectin and F-actin suggest that selective ROCK2 inhibition by KD025 induces complex and distinct effects on TM extracellular matrix dynamics and cytoskeletal organization compared to non-selective ROCK…

Association Between Long-Term Ambient Air Pollution and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Nationwide Cohort Study in TaiwanCONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollution is significantly associated with an increased risk of POAG. These findings highlight the critical need for further research and public health interventions to mitigate this risk, particularly in regions with high pollution levels.

Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerationsCONCLUSIONS: AI is rapidly transforming vision sciences by improving diagnostic accuracy, streamlining clinical workflow, and broadening access to quality eye care, particularly in underserved regions. Its integration into ophthalmology and optometry thus holds significant promise for enhancing patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery. However, to harness the transformative potential of AI fully, sustained multidisciplinary collaboration,…

In their eyes: parental experiences navigating pediatric glaucoma diagnosis, treatment, and care in Turkey - a qualitative studyCONCLUSIONS: Pediatric glaucoma affects not only vision but all aspects of family life, including finances, sibling relationships, and parental wellbeing. Findings highlight the need for family-centered care models that address both clinical and psychosocial dimensions of pediatric glaucoma. Implementing teleophthalmology services, developing regional expertise through hub-and-spoke models, integrating psychological support, and creating accessible educational resources…

Valproic Acid Application to Modify Post Surgical Fibrosis in a Model of Minimally Invasive Bleb SurgeryCONCLUSIONS: VPA is a versatile and effective adjunctive agent that can be used in combination with low-dose MMC to produce favorable bleb characteristics in MIBS.

Anatomy of the Macular Ganglion Cell Layer Plexus on Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomographic AngiographyCONCLUSIONS: We defined the anatomic GCLP slab in the macula on PR-OCTA, which is the anterior 75% of the combined GCIPL. Its density correlates best with GCC, which also contains the NFL, suggesting that it also supplies at least the posterior aspect of the NFL.

Robust Uncertainty-Informed Glaucoma Classification Under Data ShiftCONCLUSIONS: Our approach addresses the challenge of generalization in standard DL models for glaucoma classification across diverse datasets by selectively withholding predictions when the model is uncertain. This method reduces misclassification errors compared to state-of-the-art baselines, particularly for OOD cases.

Implementation of a tablet-based care prevention programme-information and communication technology-integrated occupational therapy for older adults with cognitive declineCONCLUSION: This case highlights the potential of ICT-integrated occupational therapy in enhancing IADL among community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline. Future research should focus on both testing and developing structured ICT-based interventions to further support social participation and daily independence.

Research Progress in Drug Development Based on Functional Molecules Involved in Pathogenesis and Analysis of Their MechanismsOcular diseases that result in blindness impair the QOL of patients as well as cause significant socioeconomic losses. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness, followed by retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although the pathogeneses of these ocular diseases differ, they are all retinal diseases that lead to blindness owing to…

Correlation of optic nerve hemoglobin levels with structural and functional parameters in glaucomaGlaucoma is a chronic and progressive eye disease that leads to irreversible damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer, resulting in visual field loss. Abnormalities in retinal blood flow and vascular regulation are increasingly recognized as key factors in glaucoma development. This study explores the relationship between optic nerve head hemoglobin (ONH…

Pericytes in the Optic Nerve HeadPericytes are a unique population of contractile mural cells and an essential part of the microvasculature. In the retina and brain, pericytes play crucial roles in regulating blood flow, maintaining the blood-brain barrier, signaling with neighboring cells, and depositing extracellular matrix. Pericyte dysfunction is an early process in a variety of neurodegenerative conditions. However, remarkably…

Adverse events associated with four atypical antipsychotics used as augmentation treatment for major depressive disorder: A pharmacovigilance study based on the FAERS databaseCONCLUSION: It is suggesting a potential increased risk of various ADEs in patients with MDD when taking AAPs. The causal relationship and the exact mechanism between drugs and ADEs remains unclear, requiring further research.

Neonatal Visual Impairment: Etiologies, Screening, and ManagementSevere visual impairment in the newborn period can be attributed to prenatal and perinatal etiologies. Prenatal causes include various congenital anomalies such as anophthalmos or microphthalmos, congenital cataracts, congenital glaucoma, retinal dystrophies, and retinoblastoma. Acquired perinatal causes include ophthalmia neonatorum, cerebral visual impairment related to neurologic insult, and retinopathy of prematurity. Severe visual impairment can…

Optimizing serum 25(OH)D levels to mitigate the risk of age-related ocular diseases: insights from a large-scale prospective cohort studyCONCLUSIONS: This study identified 50 nmol/L as the optimal serum 25(OH)D threshold for reducing risks of cataract, AMD and DR, with no benefits beyond this level. The protective effects may be mediated through modulation of inflammation and glucolipid metabolism pathways. The threshold effects highlight the importance of targeted vitamin D supplementation under careful monitoring of…

Intraocular pressure reduction in patients treated with micropulse laser trabeculoplasty vs selective laser trabeculoplastyCONCLUSIONS: Laser trabeculoplasty is an effective treatment for glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension. IOP reduction was comparable between MLT and SLT, with no significant differences between the two technologies. Their favorable safety profile makes them an excellent choice as either a first-line or adjuvant treatment for IOP control.

PUPILLARY REFLEX AT EASE: A new instrument for the demonstration of Pupillary reflexAs ophthalmologists, we often come across a lot of patients with neuro-ophthalmological disorders that show no positive examination findings except for subtle abnormalities in the pupillary light reflex. However, these subtle changes are often overlooked in a busy OPD setting, especially by junior doctors and nursing staff. Thus, we decided to develop an innovation to…

Surgical technique to prevent malposition of the Hydrus glaucoma microstent (The "gap sign")The key challenge of implanting the hydrus glaucoma microstent is avoiding the tip from exiting Schlemm's canal and diving posteriorly toward the iris root. Here, we propose a novel theory as to why the hydrus stent tends to dive posteriorly and we describe surgical steps to prevent this from occurring. These steps include making a…

Secondary angle closure induced by hydrochlorothiazide in a patient on oral steroids and immunosuppressants: A case reportNo abstract

Comments on: A study on the association of A-scan parameters and intraoperative complications during cataract surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndromeNo abstract

Authors response to comment on "A study on the association of A-scan parameters and intraoperative complications during cataract surgery in eyes with pseudoexfoliation syndrome"No abstract

Correction for Guo et al., Targeting amyloid-beta in glaucoma treatmentNo abstract

Human Papillomavirus Infection is Associated with Increased Risk of Glaucoma: Real-World EvidenceCONCLUSION: HPV infection is associated with a higher risk of glaucoma. While these findings highlight a potential need for increased ophthalmologic surveillance in HPV-positive individuals, the possibility of surveillance bias, in which individuals with HPV may receive more frequent healthcare and eye examinations, cannot be excluded. Further studies are warranted to explore causal mechanisms and…

Incidence and Prevalence of Scleritis Subtypes and Associated Ocular Complications in the TriNetX DatabaseCONCLUSIONS: Demographics and comorbidities of the TriNetX scleritis cohort were similar to scleritis cohorts in previous studies. However, the overall scleritis incidence rate was higher when compared to the previous literature, with varying yearly incidence and prevalence scleritis subtype rates. Further research is needed to assess for the increasing incidence of low vision over time.

Early outcomes of 5-0 prolene gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy in juvenile open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSION: GATT is efficacious and safe with good surgical outcomes in JOAG patients.

Quality indicators to ensure excellence in glaucoma care: the GlauCCare Spanish consensusCONCLUSION: This consensus identified a set of quality indicators that will help to develop the certification of excellence in glaucoma care units. This certification will facilitate best clinical practices and better health outcomes for glaucoma patients. Limitations of the study include the consensus nature of results, potential bias from the lengthy questionnaire and the focus…

Treatment outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy-hyaloidotomy-zonulectomy-iridectomy in malignant glaucoma in a tertiary eye care center in South IndiaCONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy-hyaloidotomy-zonulectomy-iridectomy surgery has favorable outcomes in eyes with malignant glaucoma.

A deep semi-supervised learning approach to the detection of glaucoma on out-of-distribution retinal fundus image datasetsCONCLUSIONS: SRC-MT achieved promising performance for glaucoma grading, especially in global FOV regions. Its performance increased when using more labeled images, but degraded when using more unlabeled OOD images with worse image qualities.

Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Associated Factors among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Gondar, Ethiopia, 2022CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that visual impairment was significantly higher in adult glaucoma patients. Female gender, rural residence, primary open-angle glaucoma, advanced stage glaucoma, and longer duration of diagnosis were significantly associated with visual impairment in adult glaucoma patients.

Early Results of PreserFlo MicroShunt Implantation in Complicated Cases: A Single-Center Case SeriesCONCLUSION: Our early results suggest PreserFlo MicroShunt is effective in lowering IOP and medications, but is associated with complications.

Ab interno Goniotomy/Goniectomy TechniquesMinimally invasive glaucoma surgeries (MIGS), such as Kahook Dual Blade (KDB), bent ab interno needle goniectomy (BANG), gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy (GATT), OMNI, Trabectome, Streamline, and TrabEx+, have significantly advanced the treatment of glaucoma by improving aqueous humor outflow and reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). These innovative procedures target the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal, offering…

Thermoresponsive Hydrogels with Tunable Viscoelasticity for Extended Ocular Drug DeliveryThe conformation of charged polymers is heavily dependent on interactions with the surrounding salt ions. By adding calcium ions to hyaluronan-Pluronic F-127 complexes, we prepared colloidal coacervates with decreased viscosity at cold temperatures (G' of 10 Pa) and enhanced mechanical properties at physiological temperatures (G' of 19 kPa) that improved the stability of the gel…

Influence of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Laser Therapy on Intraocular Pressure in Preterm InfantsCONCLUSIONS: IOP decreases as preterm infants mature. Infants with ROP requiring laser treatment exhibit significantly low IOP at presentation, but have a post-laser spike which generally normalises without treatment.

Short-Term Ocular Biometric Changes as Predictors of Long-Term Angle Closure ProgressionCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Short-term (18-month) changes in LV and TISA750 were associated with long-term (36-72 month) angle closure progression in untreated PACS eyes, suggesting that monitoring changes in lens size or position and angle width could augment predictive performance of baseline ocular biometrics for long-term angle closure progression.

Glaucoformer: Dual-domain Global Transformer Network for Generalized Glaucoma Stage ClassificationClassification of glaucoma stages remains challenging due to substantial inter-stage similarities, the presence of irrelevant features, and subtle lesion size, shape, and color variations in fundus images. For this purpose, few efforts have recently been made using traditional machine learning and deep learning models, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNN). While the conventional CNN models capture…

Changes in individuals' glaucoma progression velocity after IOP-lowering therapy: A systematic reviewPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic progressive optic neuropathy often associated with increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Monitoring glaucoma progression velocity, for example, the rate of change in global indices such as mean deviation (MD), is a common way to determine whether functional deterioration has occurred. This systematic review aims to assess changes in glaucoma…

Clinical significance of a novel inflammatory-nutritional index in glaucoma severity evaluationThis study investigated the association between glaucoma and serum albumin (Alb), lymphocyte percentage (LYMPH%), and their combined index (LAP = LYMPH% × Alb), to evaluate their potential as biomarkers for systemic inflammation and disease progression in glaucoma. We enrolled 161 glaucoma patients and 181 healthy controls. Serum Alb and LYMPH% were measured using standard blood…

Rapid Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss After PreserFlo MicroShunt Surgery: A Case ReportWe describe a rare case of rapid endothelial cell loss after PreserFlo MicroShunt (PMS) surgery, necessitating tube removal and conversion to trabeculectomy. An 85-year-old female patient with advanced bilateral primary open-angle glaucoma underwent PMS surgery in the left eye. The surgery was uneventful, and the initial postoperative course was stable, with intraocular pressure (IOP) maintained…

State of the Art on Inherited Retinal Dystrophies: Management and Molecular GeneticsInherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) represent a group of heterogeneous disorders caused by gene mutations primarily affecting retinal photoreceptors. In addition to vision loss, other symptoms may lead to visual impairment, such as altered visual fields, hemeralopia, glare sensitivity, and impaired color vision. These conditions almost always complicate with the onset of cataracts, macular edema or…

Diet, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Vascular Endothelial Damage, and the Microbiome: Drivers of Ocular Degenerative and Inflammatory DiseasesThere is abundant evidence in medical literature that Western diet and lifestyle drive the cellular and metabolic processes which underlie chronic non-communicable diseases. However, non-pharmaceutical interventions, which focus on nutrition, the microbiome and lifestyle, to prevent non-communicable diseases are not part of mainstream treatment, for a variety of reasons. Lack of progress in stemming the…

Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma: Advances in Diagnosis, Progression Forecasting, and Surgical Outcome PredictionGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, with challenges persisting in early diagnosis, disease progression, and surgical outcome prediction. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have enabled significant progress by extracting clinically relevant patterns from structural, functional, and molecular data. This review outlines the current applications of artificial intelligence in glaucoma care, including early detection…

The Paul Glaucoma Implant: a systematic review of safety, efficacy, and emerging applicationsCONCLUSIONS: The PGI is emerging as a safe and effective surgical option for treating refractory glaucoma. Its smaller tube diameter and large surface area endplate contribute to efficient IOP control with a potentially lower risk of hypotony.

Efficacy and Safety of Open-Conjunctiva Ab Externo 63 m vs. 45 m XEN() Gel Stent in Glaucoma Surgery: One-Year Follow-UpBackground: To compare the efficacy and safety of the XEN^(®) 63 µm and 45 µm devices with the ab externo open conjunctiva with a 30G needle approach. Methods: A retrospective, non-randomized and single-center study was conducted. Consecutive eyes undergoing a XEN^(®) 63 µm implant were compared with a matched cohort of cases with a XEN^(®)…

Uveitis in Adults: A ReviewCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Uveitis is characterized by inflammation of the uvea and primarily affects adults aged 20 to 50 years. For noninfectious anterior uveitis, corticosteroid eyedrops are first-line treatment. For posterior noninfectious uveitis, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are first-line therapy; biologics such as adalimumab are second-line treatment for patients with inflammation refractory to treatment. Uveitis caused…

Developing a Chromatographic Method for Quantifying Latanoprost and Related Substances in Glaucoma TreatmentsBackground/Objectives: Latanoprost is a leading active pharmaceutical ingredient belonging to the synthetic prostaglandin F2α analogs, widely used as a first-line treatment for open-angle glaucoma and increased intraocular pressure. This study addresses the critical need for an accurate and precise chromatographic method that is capable of simultaneously quantifying latanoprost and six latanoprost-related substances in antiglaucoma eye…

Effect of orally administered cannabidiol oil on daily tonometric curve in healthy Italian Saddle horsesCONCLUSIONS: CBD 20% was effective to significantly reduce IOP in healthy adult Italian Saddle horses and may be an effective hypotensive agent to be implemented in case of primary or secondary glaucoma.

Accelerated Biological Aging in Exfoliation Glaucoma Assessed by Fundus-Derived Predicted Age and Advanced Glycation End ProductsGlaucoma is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive optic nerve damage. Accelerated biological aging, assessed using predicted age derived from fundus images, may serve as a biomarker for glaucoma progression. This study aimed to examine fundus-derived age acceleration among patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), exfoliation glaucoma (EXG), and controls, and to explore its…

Paediatric glaucoma in Stickler syndromes: a comprehensive review of prevalence, comorbidities and outcomesCONCLUSIONS: Early identification of clinical signs is critical for effective intervention. Paediatric patients with Stickler syndrome, particularly those with cataract or hearing loss, are at higher risk of glaucoma and, therefore, should be closely monitored, in addition to regular retinal assessments. Given the limitations of this review-including small sample sizes and variable diagnostic methods-larger standardised…

Unraveling the Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, Comparisons, and Safety Profiles of Slow-Release Therapies in GlaucomaGlaucoma, a primary cause of irreversible blindness, is most effectively managed by reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical eye drops, which are conventional treatments, frequently encounter constraints regarding patient compliance, inconsistent dosage, and tolerability. Slow-release drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising innovation in response to these challenges. The objective of these systems is to…

Causal relationship between glycemic traits and inflammatory eye diseases and their complications, and myopia: a Mendelian randomization analysisCurrent evidence on glycemic traits' causal links to inflammatory eye diseases, complications, and myopia remains limited and inconsistent, particularly regarding glucose regulation. This study evaluates specific indicators to address these knowledge gaps. A two-sample Mendelian randomization framework from a genome-wide association study was used. Causal estimates were obtained using inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted…

Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10: Therapeutic Agents for Glial Activation Reduction in Ocular HypertensionBackground/Objectives: The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of glaucoma, a major cause of blindness. Glial cell activation due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly contributes to RGC death. Therefore, substances with anti-inflammatory properties could help prevent that process. This study investigated whether combining Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can reduce glial…

Prevalence, reasons, and factors associated with loss to follow-up in newly diagnosed glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients in ThailandThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence and reasons for discontinuation of follow-up among newly diagnosed glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients. Patients newly diagnosed with glaucoma suspect, primary glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma within a 2-year period who had visited the ophthalmic outpatient department and had missed an appointment by at least 6 months were identified.…

Exploring the Gut Microbiota-Retina Axis: Implications for Health and DiseaseThe gut microbiota represents a rich and adaptive microbial network inhabiting the gastrointestinal tract, performing key functions in nutrient processing, immune response modulation, intestinal wall protection, and microbial defense. Its composition remains highly personalized and responsive to external influences, including lifestyle patterns, physical activity, body composition, and nutritional intake. The interactions of the gut microbiota…

Non-surgical interventions for proliferative vitreoretinopathy-a systematic reviewProliferative Vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the most common cause of surgical failure after retinal detachment (RD) repair, complicating up to 10% of spontaneous RD repairs and 50% of open globe injury-related RD. Early surgical intervention is currently the only intervention that reduces PVR incidence. An effective non-surgical intervention would be valuable in reducing PVR incidence and/or…

Development of a Liposome Nanoformulation for the Delivery of Lipoic Acid as a Potential Neuroprotective Therapy in GlaucomaBackground/Objectives: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and oxidative stress is considered to play a key role in its development. While antioxidants offer a promising approach to mitigating oxidative stress, their clinical application is often hindered by bioavailability and absorption challenges. Entrapment antioxidants within liposomes may overcome these issues, enhancing their stability…

Visual field outcomes after cataract surgery with or without microinvasive glaucoma surgery in open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs reporting visual field resultsCONCLUSION: Among the MIGS devices studied (iStent and Hydrus), combining them with cataract surgery provided VF benefits in terms of rate of deterioration and decline, and reduced medication dependence. Standardised follow-up and reporting practices are essential for evaluating MIGS's role in glaucoma management.

Epidemiological Studies on Eye Diseases in Centers for Stray Dogs in Northwestern RomaniaEye disease in dogs is a common problem that can affect both the health and well-being of the animals. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of the most common eye diseases in a large population of dogs from two stray dog centers in northwestern Romania over a two-year period.We…

A Review of Outcomes of Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty and Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty Interventions in Patients with Pre-Existing GlaucomaGlaucoma is known to impair the function of corneal endothelial cells for various reasons, which increases the likelihood of patients with glaucoma requiring endothelial keratoplasty. Among the techniques available, Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) and Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) each present unique challenges, particularly for those with a history of glaucoma surgery. We…

Characterizing the circularly oriented macular pigment using spatiotemporal sensitivity to structured light entoptic phenomenaTo characterize the optical density of circularly oriented macular pigment (MP) in the human retina, as a quantification of macular health, Psychophysical discrimination tests were performed on human subjects using structured light-induced entoptic phenomena. Central exclusions were used to determine the visual extents of stimuli with varying spatiotemporal frequencies. A model was developed to describe…

Correlation of Scleral Rigidity and Corneal Stress-Strain Measurements with Induced Elevation of Intraocular Pressure in Healthy EyesCONCLUSIONS: Scleral, but not corneal, biomechanical parameters correlate independently with the magnitude of acute IOP increase in healthy eyes. These findings support further biomechanical studies involving patients with glaucoma to better understand the relationship between ocular compliance and its mechanical response to different IOP levels.

Advancements in the Field of Protein-Based Hydrogels: Main Types, Characteristics, and Their ApplicationsRegenerative medicine is a challenging field in current research and development, whilst translating the findings of novel tissue regenerative agents into clinical application. Protein-based hydrogels are derived from various sources, with animal-derived products being primarily utilized to deliver cells and promote cell genesis and proliferation, thereby aiding in numerous indications, including bone tissue regeneration, cartilage…

Unmasking the Hidden Morbidity of Ocular Diseases in Primary Care Through a Collaboration with Specialists in Remote Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study from Rural Crete, GreeceBackground: Ocular disorders are not frequently addressed in primary care, which is more visible in remote rural settings. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of eye diseases in a remote rural population of Crete and to explore whether they represent a hidden morbidity. Materials and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional…

Presbyopia Progression From the Age of 40 to 79 Years in Glaucoma Patients Treated With Prostaglandin F Receptor AgonistsCONCLUSIONS: There was an earlier progression of presbyopia determined by near add power in glaucoma patients treated with FP receptor agonists compared with controls.

Iris Crypts Could Reduce the Chance of Angle Closure: A Computational Biomechanics Study Derived From Clinical and Human Iris DataCONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the biomechanics of crypts in the iris may drive the development of novel treatments by altering ABL morphology, providing an alternative bypass for angle closure prevention in high-risk patients.

Transcriptome Profiling of Trabecular Meshwork Progenitor CellsThe loss and dysfunction of trabecular meshwork (TM) cells are implicated in aging and primary open-angle glaucoma. TM progenitor cells (TMPCs) contribute to the population and function of the TM, but their identity is not well elucidated. This study aimed to identify the expression profile of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in human TM cell cultures,…

Graft Failure After Pediatric Penetrating Keratoplasty in the United StatesCONCLUSIONS: Approximately half of children undergoing PK in the IRIS Registry experienced graft failure within 5 years of transplantation. The association of graft failure with ocular conditions such as glaucoma and dry eye disease suggests potential avenues to decrease the high incidence of graft failure in this population.

Corneoscleral plaque brachytherapy using 'BARC I-125 Ocu-Prosta seeds' in the management of iridociliary melanomaWe present the case of a woman in her late 40s who presented with an iris lesion extending to the ciliary body and mature white cataract with a visual acuity of perception of light in her right eye. The tumour was managed with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Iodine-125 (BARC I-125) Ocu-Prosta seeds plaque therapy with…

Global research trends on endoplasmic reticulum stress in retinal diseases from 2000 to 2024CONCLUSION: This bibliometric analysis highlighted significant growth in publications on ERS in retinal diseases, reflecting an increasing scholarly focus. ERS represents a potential target for exploring pathological changes in retinal neuro-microvascular and related disorders, warranting further investigation.

Role of Endocannabinoids in Glaucoma: A ReviewCONCLUSION: The possibilities are indeed immense, and further research into the complex relationship between ECS and glaucoma is imperative to enable us to develop therapies for this otherwise chronic, progressive neuropathy, where the only armament in our hands is early diagnosis and maintenance therapy.

In Vivo Confocal Microscopy Features of Corneal Dystrophy in Siberian HuskiesCONCLUSIONS: Application of IVCM can aid in the characterization of corneal dystrophies in Siberian Huskies.

Evaluating the Consistency of Online Circular Contrast Perimetry Across Different Computer Monitors: A Cross-sectional StudyCONCLUSION: OCCP demonstrates strong levels of test-retest agreement when performed on computer monitors of varying display and moderate to strong levels of correlation to SAP perimetric indices.

Early Postoperative Intraocular Pressure Profile Following Micropulse vs Continuous Wave Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation: Cohort StudyCONCLUSION: MP- and CW-CPC have similar risks of early postoperative IOP spikes. Significant early IOP reduction was better achieved following CW-CPC. Early postoperative IOP spikes may be detrimental; there may be a role for IOP monitoring in such cases.

Lifestyle Modification as Complementary Medicine in Glaucoma ManagementGlaucoma, a multifactorial disease, currently leads the causes of irreversible blindness globally, with complex underlying pathophysiology. For a long time, decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP) has remained the desired primary outcome for each modality of glaucoma management-medical, laser, or surgical. However, the understanding of non-IOP-dependent mechanisms and the identification of additional risk factors affecting optic nerve…

Combined Posterior Vitrectomy and Ahmed Valve Implantation with Prior Antiangiogenic Application for the Management of Neovascular Glaucoma: A Case Series StudyCONCLUSION: The interdisciplinary management protocol proposed showed favorable results for neovascular glaucoma management. The combined surgical approach led to a considerable reduction in intraocular pressure and glaucoma medication use, indicating a high success rate in controlling the disease. Visual acuity and anatomical outcomes remained stable during the follow-up period, with no cases of anatomical loss.

Comparison of the Intraocular Pressure-lowering Effects of Three Primary Surgical Procedures in Pediatric Aphakic GlaucomaCONCLUSION: There was a significant decrease in IOP, along with a significant reduction in the usage of antiglaucomatous drugs, across all three primary surgical methods. No significant difference was detected regarding the reduction in IOP and the usage of antiglaucomatous medications.

Comparison of the Real-world Performance of Henson 9000 Perimeter and Humphrey Field Analyzer in Glaucoma PatientsCONCLUSION: Outcomes with the Henson 9000 were reliable, with measured global indices strongly correlated with HFA results. In early glaucoma, outcomes were comparable to HFA with shorter tests, suggesting the potential of the Henson 9000 as a screening tool for early glaucoma.

GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Allostatic Load, and Reframing the Glaucoma ParadigmNo abstract

Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Early Glaucoma Detection: Analysis of Saccadic Eye Movements in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaGlaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with early detection crucial for preventing vision loss. This study developed and validated a novel eye-tracking algorithm to detect oculomotor abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We conducted a case-control study (March-June 2021), recruiting 16 patients with moderate POAG, 16 with preperimetric POAG, and 16 age-matched…

The Utility of Virtual Reality in Ophthalmology: A ReviewVirtual reality (VR) has been implemented in multiple facets of healthcare and the study of medicine. In the field of ophthalmology, VR facilitates surgical and non-surgical training while assisting in diagnosis and treatment. Our goal was to explore the applications and feasibility of VR in ophthalmology. We performed a search of the literature on the…

Congenital microcoria: Description of 3 cases in a familyCongenital microcoria (MCOR) is a rare ocular anomaly characterized by pupil smaller than 2 mm with no response to mydriatic agents. It can present in two forms: autosomal recessive associated with Pierson syndrome and autosomal dominant isolated (associated with a high incidence of myopia and glaucoma). Studies have identified deletions in the 13q32.1 region of…

Outcomes of an extended combined phaco-kahook dual blade procedure in glaucoma patientsPurposeTo compare the outcomes of standard combined Phaco-Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) surgery (GI) with those of the extended technique (GII).MethodsThis retrospective, comparative, multicenter, case-control study enrolled patients with one-year follow-up. GI removed 90° of the trabecular meshwork (TM) extension during KDB, whereas GII removed 150°. The successful criteria were based on a modification of the…

Intraocular lens opacification due to calcium deposition after glaucoma filtration device placementNo abstract

PEST Proteolysis Signals Containing Nuclear Protein Related Proteins in Eye and Eye Diseases:A ReviewThe human visual system is a critical component for understanding the world around us, but it is affected by various eye conditions that lead to visual impairments. More than 2.2 billion people worldwide suffer from vision problems such as macular degeneration, refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma. In the field of iridology, essential proteins for maintaining…

Macular Microvasculature Asymmetry Analysis for Evaluating Open-Angle Glaucoma in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients Treated with Pan-Retinal PhotocoagulationCONCLUSIONS: Relying on pRNFL thickness for OAG evaluation in PRP-treated patients is not recommended. Analysis of vertical microvasculature asymmetry can serve as a useful factor for diagnosing OAG.

A novel founder variant in BEST1 gene causing autosomal recessive bestrophinopathyCONCLUSION: The identification of the same, novel homozygous BEST1 missense variant in twelve patients from nine unrelated, consanguineous families of Egyptian origin, suggests a founder effect. Angle-closure glaucoma was the most commonly associated ocular abnormality (30%). Our finding expands the molecular spectrum of ARB-associated variants, and identification of this founder variant can simplify genetic testing…

Leveraging Alzheimer's Disease Omics to Identify Pleiotropic Genes Contributing to Neurodegeneration in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaPrimary open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma worldwide and one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Current therapies focus on intraocular pressure control despite substantial evidence on the importance of additional pathogenic mechanisms involved in neuronal repair and regeneration. Some of these mechanisms may be shared with and across other neurodegenerative…

Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Potentiator of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Necessity for Interventional TherapyCONCLUSIONS: The rate of glaucoma surgery appears similar between POAG patients with and without OSA, despite those with OSA demonstrating a greater risk for rapid progression and vision loss. Future practice patterns should pay special attention to OSA patients and consider offering more aggressive or earlier intervention, which may aid in limiting disease progression.

A genetic perspective on retinal thinning in Parkinson's disease: Direct damage or comorbid glaucoma?This study used Mendelian randomization to reveal a causal link between Parkinson's disease (PD) and retinal nerve fiber layer thinning. Moreover, the tremor-dominant (TD) PD subtype was genetically associated with increased glaucoma risk, suggesting PD, especially TD subtype, may contribute to retinal neurodegeneration via both direct and glaucoma-related pathways.

Latin American Prevalence of Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisWe conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of all types of glaucoma in Latin America (LATAM) and evaluate potential demographic associations. This study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered in PROSPERO (CRD42024506330). A comprehensive search of PubMed, SciELO, and Web of Science was conducted to identify population-based or cross-sectional studies reporting…

A deep learning model integrating domain-specific features for enhanced glaucoma diagnosisGlaucoma is a group of serious eye diseases that can cause incurable blindness. Despite the critical need for early detection, over 60% of cases remain undiagnosed, especially in less developed regions. Glaucoma diagnosis is a costly task and some models have been proposed to automate diagnosis based on images of the retina, specifically the area…

Pooled Analysis of Three MicroShunt Studies in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Evaluating Different Concentrations of Applied Mitomycin CCONCLUSIONS: IOP and glaucoma medication use at year 2 were lower, and complete success rate was higher, in patients administered 0.4 mg/ml than 0.2 mg/ml MMC. Although there is no consensus on the optimal concentration of MMC, these findings may guide surgeons until further evidence from controlled trials becomes available.

Usefulness of Measuring Corneal Stiffness in Predicting the Reduction of Intraocular Pressure With Microhook Ab Interno TrabeculotomyCONCLUSIONS: ORA and Corvis ST measurements suggested that stiff cornea was a risk factor for high postoperative GAT-IOP after TLO, in addition to preoperative high Hb, high CRP, and the use of brimonidine tartrate.

The Association Between Sensory Impairment and Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention Measures in the Adult California Health Interview Survey PopulationThis study explores the association between vision/hearing impairment and COVID-19 prevention strategies in the 2020 and 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 and 2021 CHIS. The exposure of interest was self-reported history of sensory impairment. The outcome of interest was adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies defined as…

Pupil responses to melanopsin-isolating stimuli as a potential diagnostic biomarker for glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Pupil responses to melanopsin-isolating spectra were similar between glaucoma and control participants. Pupillary responses to melanopsin-isolating silent substitution spectra are unlikely to be useful as a diagnostic biomarker for glaucoma.

Outcomes of Phacogoniotomy for Medically-Controlled and Uncontrolled Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma with Cataract: A Multicenter StudyCONCLUSION: POAG with cataract could be effectively treated by phacogoniotomy, regardless of medically-controlled or medically-uncontrolled status at baseline.

CSF transport at the brain-meningeal border: effects on neurological health and diseaseThe existence of specialised structures that allow a continuous exchange of CSF between different anatomical compartments at the brain-meningeal border is challenging conventional notions around molecular transport within the brain. Experimental findings highlight the conduits and cellular structures controlling the transport of CSF and immune cells between the brain parenchyma (via the glymphatic system), the…

Visual Function and Intraocular Pressure Outcomes Following Surgical Intervention in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory GlaucomaCONCLUSION: Our data showcases that glaucoma surgery in patients with well controlled uveitis, can provide significant benefit to patients that are refractory to medical management, by reducing IOP and glaucoma medication burden, with excellent visual outcomes at two years.

Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Innovative Strategies to Combat Glaucoma NeuroinflammationGlaucomatous optic neuropathy represents a prevalent optic nerve degenerative disease. Neuroinflammation is recognized as a significant mechanism underlying optic nerve damage in glaucoma; however, the precise mechanisms driving neuroinflammation remain largely elusive. Existing studies have indicated that microglia-driven neuroinflammation is pivotal for neuroinflammation onset and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, metabolic deficiencies,…

Deep learning-based automatic differentiation of acute angle closure with or without zonulopathy using ultrasound biomicroscopy: a comparison of diagnostic performance with ophthalmologistsCONCLUSIONS: AI models and ophthalmologists effectively differentiated AAC with or without zonulopathy. However, when evaluated in terms of both accuracy and efficiency, the AI model showed superior comprehensive diagnostic performance, demonstrating high clinical applicability for preoperative diagnosis.

Retinal physiology in metabolic syndromeObesity is increasingly recognized not only for its systemic health impacts but also for its association with visual defects and eye diseases. This chapter explores the relationship between obesity and ocular health, highlighting the mechanisms by which metabolic dysregulation influences visual outcomes. Obesity exacerbates risk factors such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance, which compromise…

Editorial: Physiological and pathological changes of the retina associated with ageingNo abstract

The structure of sleep and how it may be altered by visual impairmentsIndividuals with visual impairments often experience poor sleep health, which may impact brain physiology and function, as evidenced by altered brain activity during sleep. The sleeping brain can be categorized into stages: three non-rapid eye movement (NREM) stages and one rapid eye movement (REM) stage, with each stage defined by its structure, that is, the…

Screening recommendations for glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic eye diseasesCONCLUSION: There are established screening programs for DED that are financed by the SHI; however, there are AWMF recommendations for glaucoma but no SHI-financed screening programs and there are still no AWMF screening recommendations for AMD. Whether and to what extent screening programs are used by the respective target populations should be further investigated in…

Utility of Swept-Source Anterior-Segment OCT as an In-Office Biomarker for Early Childhood GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A noninvasive imaging tool, SS-ASOCT can be used to assess the anterior chamber angles in children. The findings suggest the use of SS-ASOCT offers the potential for distinguishing early-onset childhood glaucoma from other conditions. No visibility of the TM structure was the most specific sign for glaucomatous eyes in this relatively small…

Flying Babies and Swept-Source OCT-An Innovative Technique to Detect Childhood GlaucomaNo abstract

Ferroptosis Contributes to Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in GLAST Knockout Mouse Model of Normal Tension GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Ferroptosis significantly contributes to RGC and retinal damage in the GLAST-deletion NTG model. Inhibiting ferroptosis with Fer-1 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting visual function in NTG.

Metabolomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor From Glaucoma Patients Identifies Metabolites With Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Potential in MiceCONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed significant metabolic alterations in POAG that affect key cellular functions. Agmatine and thiamine could be potential immunomodulatory or neuroprotective drugs to treat or prevent neuroinflammatory damage to the retina during glaucoma.

Association Between Skeletal Muscle Mass and Ocular Perfusion Pressure in GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Skeletal muscle mass and BMI were significantly associated with MOPP. Since low MOPP is a known risk factor for glaucoma, its association with skeletal muscle mass may indicate a relationship between systemic muscle health, ocular blood perfusion, and glaucomatous damage. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate these associations between skeletal muscle mass and…

Trabeculectomy Augmented with Anti-VEGF Improves Surgical Outcomes in Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisCONCLUSION: Anti-VEGF agents improve trabeculectomy outcomes when used with Mitomycin-C, enhancing complete success rates and reducing medication needs. This analysis underscores the potential of anti-VEGF therapy as a valuable adjunct, though further research with standardised protocols is essential to strengthen these findings.

Nystagmus in Clinical Practice: From Diagnosis to Treatment-A Comprehensive ReviewNystagmus, a common yet intricate ocular movement disorder, significantly contributes to visual morbidity in the paediatric and adult populations. Defined by involuntary, rhythmic, to-and-fro eye movements, this condition may manifest as an isolated anomaly or harbour more serious ocular or systemic pathologies. Its presence often provides vital diagnostic clues, emphasizing the importance of thorough evaluation…

CorrigendumNo abstract

fNIRS as a biomarker for X-linked neurodevelopmental disorders: leveraging visual processing to assess brain function?Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) cause profound intellectual and physical impairment, yet therapeutic progress remains hindered by the lack of quantitative, unbiased, and non-invasive biomarkers to monitor disease onset and progression. Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) have emerged as promising functional biomarkers for X-linked NDDs, with reduced VEP amplitudes correlating with disease severity. Complementary approaches, like functional Near…

Advancing neuroprotection in glaucoma and AMD - a new horizon?No abstract

Metformin Alleviates Fibrosis of Trabecular Meshwork Cells Induced by TGFβ2 Through the Activation of AutophagyCONCLUSION: Our study found Metformin could alleviates fibrosis of HTMCs induced by TGFβ2 and decreased elevated IOP in mouse model.

Low-Vision Rehabilitation Services in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Survey of Optometrists on Current Status and Future DirectionsCONCLUSION: Critical gaps in LV care include insufficient awareness, uneven service distribution, and financial/training-related barriers. Enhancing education, improving affordability, and fostering multidisciplinary care are essential. Region-specific interventions are urgently needed to ensure equitable access to LVS across Saudi Arabia.

Dietary factors and predominant eye diseases in sub-Saharan African populations: A systematic review protocolEvidence linking diet and ocular diseases is growing, yet variations persist, with a paucity of data in sub-Saharan Africa. The proposed review will systematically synthesize evidence on dietary factors associated with predominant eye disorders (cataracts, refractive error, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and dry eye disease) in the sub-Saharan African population. The systematic review…

Report of Descemet-Sparing Technique for Boston Type I Keratoprosthesis With Clinical Follow-UpCONCLUSIONS: This modified surgical technique for placement of Boston type I KPro is less invasive compared with conventional methods and may prevent complications associated with an open-sky surgery, making it a safer alternative. Furthermore, when combined with Nd:YAG laser membranectomy of the Descemet membrane, vision can be further improved.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and the (non-glaucomatous) optic nerveOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive, reliable, repeatable exam. As opposed to fluorescein angiography, OCTA allows analysis of the capillary bed without interference from diffusion phenomena. It is now widely used for both the diagnosis and ongoing care of retinal and choroidal diseases. However, its use is still limited for evaluation of the…

Pregnancy and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Report From the All of Us Research ProgramIn this cross sectional observational study, pregnancy was not associated with higher non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy or proliferative diabetic retinopathy prevalence.

Bilateral Sturge-Weber syndrome with soft tissue hypertrophy and trichomegalySturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome characterised by a triad of cutaneous, ocular and central nervous system findings. In the majority of the patients, it manifests as unilateral facial port-wine stain (PWS), which is a capillary malformation frequently affecting the first branch (ophthalmic division) of the trigeminal…

Efficacy and Tolerability of Single-Dose Timolol Eye Drops in the Sequential Treatment of Acute Angle-Closure Crisis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled TrialPURPOSE: To observe and compare the efficacy of timolol eye drops in sequential treatment of acute angle-closure crisis (AACC).

Emerging risks of lipid-lowering therapy and low LDL levels: implications for eye, brain, and new-onset diabetesAtherosclerotic cardiovascular disease remains a major global health burden. Current guidelines emphasize aggressive lipid-lowering strategies, particularly those that reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels. While effective in lowering cardiovascular risk, excessively low LDL-C may have unintended health consequences. LDL-C plays a critical physiological role in cellular structure and hormone synthesis. Emerging evidence links low LDL-C…

Isopropyl Alcohol in Bleb Revision: A Novel Approach for Aesthetic and Functional SuccessBACKGROUND Overhanging filtering blebs (OFB) are a known complication of trabeculectomy, leading to visual disturbances, discomfort, and cosmetic concerns. Their management remains challenging, with high recurrence rates despite surgical interventions. This case report presents the clinical course, management, and outcome of an 18-year-old woman with an OFB who underwent bleb revision incorporating isopropyl alcohol as…

Comparative study of intraocular pressure variation among healthy and diabetic individualsCONCLUSION: The study rules out the risk factors for raised IOP in general & diabetic population. Thus, emphasizing the need for meticulous ocular care in diabetic individuals.

Masquerade Syndrome Revealing a Vitreous Metastasis from Adenosquamous Lung Carcinoma in a Patient Treated with PembrolizumabCONCLUSION: Masquerade syndrome uveitis can may delay diagnosis and worsen outcomes. In case of failure of anti-inflammatory treatment, a cytological analysis should be conducted to confirm a tumoral origin.

Intraoperative optical coherence tomography in glaucoma surgery with Ex-PRESS() implantIntroductionTo present the correct placement of the Ex-PRESS^(®) implant in the anterior chamber with the intraoperative optical coherence tomography (i-OCT) scan. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication to report the use of i-OCT during an Ex-PRESS^(®) glaucoma implant procedure.Case reportWe report the case of a phakic, 48 year-old South American…

Predictive Factors for Ocular Hypertension and Glaucoma Secondary to Uveitis: Insights from a Tertiary Referral HospitalCONCLUSION: UG/OHT-SU is a specific condition that affects a notable proportion of uveitis patients in Turkey, requiring a multidisciplinary approach. In patients with uveitis, elevated peak IOP, pronounced anterior chamber reaction and synechia formation are crucial factors in the progression to glaucoma and the escalating necessity for surgical intervention. Early and effective control of inflammation…

Sustained intraocular pressure-lowering effect and biocompatibility of a single subconjunctival administration of hydrogel-encapsulated nano-brinzolamideBrinzolamide is a widely used treatment for glaucoma, but its effectiveness relies on at least twice-daily dosing, which can be challenging for patient adherence. To overcome this limitation, we developed an injectable hydrogel-based delivery system designed to maintain therapeutic drug levels with a single administration. This approach aims to simplify treatment and improve clinical outcomes.…

The effect of treatment of primary congenital glaucoma on meibomian glands and tear filmCONCLUSION: In this first study to evaluate MG and tear film parameters in treated PCG, significant differences were observed in the MG morphology and tear film parameters of eyes with treated PCG compared to the eyes of healthy children. Glaucoma medication use and glaucoma surgery were individually correlated with ocular surface disease in treated PCG.

The safety and effectiveness of optometrist-delivered selective laser trabeculoplastyCONCLUSION: Optometrists delivered a safe and effective selective laser trabeculoplasty treatment with low rates of adverse events. Inter-optometrist differences in success rates were identified that require further elucidation.

Mask of Truth: Model Sensitivity to Unexpected Regions of Medical ImagesThe development of larger models for medical image analysis has led to increased performance. However, it also affected our ability to explain and validate model decisions. Models can use non-relevant parts of images, also called spurious correlations or shortcuts, to obtain high performance on benchmark datasets but fail in real-world scenarios. In this work, we…

Ophthalmic Image Synthesis and Analysis with Generative Adversarial Network Artificial IntelligenceGenerative adversarial networks (GANs), introduced by Ian Goodfellow in 2014, have revolutionized adversarial machine learning, particularly in data synthesis. This manuscript explores their application in ophthalmic diagnostics, addressing the scarcity of annotated datasets and the need for improved early disease detection. By leveraging GAN architectures, the goal is to enhance the quality of synthetic ophthalmic…

An Artificial Intelligence Method for Phenotyping of OCT-Derived Thickness Maps Using Unsupervised and Self-supervised Deep LearningThe objective of this study is to enhance the understanding of ophthalmic disease physiology and genetic architecture through the analysis of optical coherence tomography (OCT) images using artificial intelligence (AI). We introduce a novel AI methodology that addresses the challenge of transferring OCT phenotypes across datasets. The approach employs unsupervised and self-supervised learning techniques to…

Proposal of the Glaucoma Etiology Complex (GEC): A Structured Framework for Understanding the Multifactorial Nature of GlaucomaThe Glaucoma Etiology Complex (GEC) is a conceptual framework encompassing all elements involved in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma is no longer understood as a disease driven solely by intraocular pressure; instead, it is increasingly recognized as a complex condition influenced by ocular, systemic, genetic, vascular, and lifestyle-related factors. The nine components of the GEC…

Enlargement of the Eye Socket Early after Birth with an Ocular Prosthesis for Clinical Congenital AnophthalmiaClinical congenital anophthalmia causes facial asymmetry and difficulty in wearing ocular prostheses due to underdevelopment of the orbits. Orbital expansion must be started early after birth for treatment, but consensus regarding the treatment for clinical congenital anophthalmia has not been established. We report a successful orbital expansion using a thermoplastic splint. A one-month-old boy had…

LTBP2 variants in childhood glaucoma: Phenotypic expansion and clinical experienceCONCLUSIONS: The study expands the classic LTBP2-related phenotype spectrum in an Indian pediatric glaucoma cohort, highlighting additional features such as persistent pupillary membrane, ectropion uveae, and associated retinal pathology. These ocular manifestations were predominantly linked to nonsense LTBP2 variants. From a management standpoint, early lensectomy can help prevent secondary glaucoma, while timely identification and treatment…

Glaucoma Patient Perspectives on Effective Coaching for Self-ManagementCONCLUSION: This qualitative assessment of the SEE personalized glaucoma coaching program demonstrated that high-quality coaching and rapport building may help patients with previously low medication adherence feel more motivated and in control of their glaucoma.

Serial Evaluation of Pectinate Ligament Morphology Is Not Useful in Predicting the Onset of Intraocular Pressure Elevation in Dogs With Primary Angle Closure GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Serial gonioscopic evaluation of pectinate ligament morphology does not appear to be useful in the prediction of the time of onset of elevated IOP in dogs with PACG.

Polymorphic variants of ABCA1, PMM2, and ARHGEF12 genes and the risk of glaucoma in an Iranian populationCONCLUSION: rs2472493 in the ABCA1 gene can be considered a genetic susceptibility locus for POAG. The haplotype constructed with ABCA1 gene SNPs (rs2472493/rs2487032) is associated with POAG.

Adenosine receptor subtype modulators: Insight into molecular mechanisms and their therapeutic applicationThere are four different subtypes of adenosine receptors (ARs): A1, A2A, A2B, and A3. These receptors play a role in controlling healthy and unhealthy processes related to protecting neurons, inflammation, heart health, and the growth of cancer. The A1 receptors protect neurons and the heart, while the A2A receptors play a role in treating Parkinson's…

Neurocutaneous features of tuberous sclerosis complex: A case report from BangladeshRATIONALE: A rare autosomal dominant disorder, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), presents with various symptoms from the beginning. It is characterized by neurological signs such as epilepsy, skin abnormalities, and the development of benign lesions in several organs. This study reviews the literature on different clinical and imaging presentations of TSC and treatment options. Additionally, we…

Safety evaluation after LASIK surgery based on the linear creep property: a finite element analysisCONCLUSION: PTA less than 39% is the safe range for LASIK surgery. This study may provide a reliable numerical basis for postoperative corneal dilatation and the outcomes after refractive surgery.

Medical and surgical treatment management in open angle glaucoma patients of Asian descent: A narrative reviewGlaucoma represents a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by optic nerve head damage, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and visual field loss. There are significant disparities in the diagnosis, disease progression and treatment outcomes of glaucoma patients. Primary open angle glaucoma (OAG) patients of African descent have been found to have earlier and more severe disease…

Protein misfolding and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucomaGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure caused by restricted outflow of the aqueous humor leads to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Emerging evidence suggests that pathological mechanisms relating to protein folding and mitochondrial dysfunction are significant factors in the disease onset of different types…

PRESERFLO MicroShunt as a treatment option for highly increased intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucomaCONCLUSION: PF appears to be a suitable option for managing both highly and moderately increased IOP levels in POAG and PXG eyes, with comparable outcomes up to 12 months following surgery.

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens adjustment-causes and complications: a retrospective cohort studyCONCLUSION: With a high safety profile and reversibility, ICL implantation is a good alternative to corneal-based refractive surgery in eyes unsuitable for laser vision correction. The rate of secondary procedures in our study was 6.26%. Old age is a risk factor for secondary surgical interventions in the repositioning group, whereas abnormal vault and toric ICL…

Unveiling the levels and significance of different serpin family proteins in aqueous humor dynamicsCONCLUSION: This study highlights significant alterations in serpin levels within the AH of individuals with POAG. Sex-specific and race-specific differences in the levels of several serpins were also observed. Further studies are needed to clarify the specific mechanisms by which these serpins may contribute to POAG progression and to investigate their potential clinical relevance.

Repurposing Alzheimer's disease medications-systemic cholinesterase inhibitors-for the treatment of dry eye syndrome, glaucoma, and age-related macular degenerationNo abstract

Postoperative amblyopia in children with congenital cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysisThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of amblyopia following congenital cataract surgery in children and evaluate key prognostic factors, including age at intervention, cataract phenotype, and follow-up duration. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 1, 1981, and March 1, 2023. We included clinical…

A Study of Visual Outcomes and Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) Biomarker Changes in Patients Treated With Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema in a Tertiary HospitalCONCLUSION: Intravitreal ranibizumab significantly improves visual acuity and reduces retinal thickness in DME patients. SD-OCT biomarkers are valuable in monitoring treatment response and disease progression.

Tube Flow Shunt: An Innovative and Cost-Effective Approach to the Modified Bleb-Forming Filtration TechniqueAiming to lower intraocular pressure, trabeculectomy remains the gold standard procedure. This report describes a novel, cost-effective modified bleb-forming filtration technique, tFlow (tube flow shunt), utilizing sterile trimmed silicone tubes from the Ahmed Glaucoma Valve (AGV), model FP7, to construct a subconjunctival filtration pathway. Here, clinical outcomes are not reported and will be evaluated in…

Milky Aqueous HumorNo abstract

A novel 5bp deletion in <em>HPS4</em> gene associates with Hermansky-Pudlak SyndromeCONCLUSION: The identified pathogenic variant from this study emphasizes the importance of genetic analysis for accurate clinical diagnosis, management, and genetic diversity of HPS. To the best of our knowledge, this novel variant identified in the HPS4 gene causing Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome is the first report deletion variant from the Indian population. Our findings will facilitate…

Genetic association of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with thirteen ocular disordersCONCLUSIONS: This study revealed genetic associations between ADHD and multiple ocular disorders, identifying causal effects of ADHD on an increased risk of corneal ulcer, keratitis, blepharochalasis, and lacrimal system disorders, while showing a protective effect against glaucoma. Conversely, genetic liability to strabismus was causally linked to a higher ADHD risk.

Comparison of trabeculectomy and gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy results in long eyes with open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSION: In eyes with long AL, the requirement for antiglaucoma medications is reduced in the first three months following trabeculectomy compared to GATT. Although the overall success rate was similar in both groups, the complete success rates of criteria A, B and C were higher in the trabeculectomy group. GATT may be considered an alternative…

Intracameral medications in cataract surgeryCONCLUSION: Intracameral drug administration is a valuable adjunct in cataract surgery, enabling surgeons to manage routine and complex cases more effectively. Understanding their appropriate use and potential risks is essential to maximize patient safety and surgical success.

The relationship between glaucoma and an electronic frailty index with the cumulative incidence of healthcare encounters for falls and fractures in older adultsCONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patients were more likely to be frail or pre-frail based on an EHR-derived index than glaucoma suspects. Both pre-frailty and frailty were associated with increased cumulative risk of injurious falls or fractures but there was no interaction of frailty with glaucoma. Frailty based on the eFI was better at discriminating who is at…

Inhibition of VE-PTP rejuvenates Schlemm's canal in aged mice and acts via Tie2CONCLUSION: Interference with VE-PTP function improves SC function in a strictly Tie2 dependent way and pharmacologic inhibition of VE-PTP with AKB9778 is a promising approach for improving SC function in the aged eye.

Re: Chaurasia et al: Highly Accurate and Precise Automated Cup-to-Disc Ratio Quantification for Glaucoma ScreeningNo abstract

Glaucoma Surgery Comparison: SIBS Microshunt vs. Gelatin 45um Microstent vs. Trabeculectomy as Primary Surgical Interventions: Microshunt vs. Gelatin 45um Microstent vs. TrabeculectomyCONCLUSION: Overall, patients with the SIBS microshunt achieved higher success rates compared to both trabeculectomy and the gelatin 45μm microstent group, with fewer postoperative complications, interventions, and reoperations for glaucoma.

Influence of tamoxifen on ocular morphology and functionCONCLUSION: According to this study, tamoxifen intake influences corneal thickness and perimetry, which are two parameters associated with glaucoma development. Regular ophthalmological glaucoma controls could be useful in tamoxifen patients, especially if glaucoma is already known.

Prevalence of glaucoma and characteristics of ocular manifestations in patients with Naevus of OtaCONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of glaucoma in Naevus of Ota is low, patients with ocular melanocytosis or oculodermal melanocytosis are at greater risk of ocular hypertension and suspected glaucoma than are those with skin-only hyperpigmentation. Targeted screening, particularly in younger individuals and those requiring examination under general anaesthesia, should be considered. The main limitation of…

Analysis of Standard Automated Visual Field Tests in Glaucoma and the Role of Facial ContourCONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the potential utility of 60-4 visual fields for identifying early functional glaucomatous changes that may not be detected by more central visual field tests (10-2 or 30-2). It may be important to consider peripheral visual field defects, which can be affected by facial contour, in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma,…

Intraocular pressure is a promising target for myopia controlCONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that pressure-dependent scleral remodeling contributes to the deceleration of AL elongation. These results underscore the efficacy of IOP reduction in mitigating the progression of myopia, providing a promising alternative strategy for myopia management.

SCONe: a community-acquired retinal image repository enabling ocular, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease predictionCONCLUSIONS: The SCONe retinal image repository has been successfully established. We believe it offers enormous potential to support research into earlier detection of disease.

Caspase-mediated pathways in retinal ganglion cell injury: a novel therapeutic target for glaucomaGlaucoma is a complex disease of the optic nerve leading to vision loss and blindness, with high worldwide incidence and disproportionate prevalence in older populations. Primary open-angle glaucoma, caused by a reduction in outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, is the most common subset of the disease, though its underlying molecular mechanisms are…

French protocol for diagnosis and management of type 1 interferonopathiesType I interferonopathies are rare genetic diseases characterised by excessive production or signalling of type I interferons (IFN-I), which are key cytokines in the antiviral response. These conditions lead to inappropriate activation of IFN-I pathway, even in the absence of viral stimulation. Over thirty monogenic conditions have been identified, with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome being the most…

From Tooth to Vision: A Decade of Breakthroughs in Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis (OOKP) and Modified OOKP-Global Insights into Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, and Pioneering ResearchCONCLUSIONS: Despite its complexity, OOKP continues to evolve through surgical and material innovations, reflecting a sustained global commitment to improving visual outcomes in patients with otherwise untreatable corneal blindness. The continuous refinement of this technique holds promise for expanding its accessibility and success worldwide, paving the way for future advancements in keratoprosthesis surgery.

TLR4 deficiency does not alter glaucomatous progression in a mouse model of chronic glaucomaGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition transmembrane receptor that induces neuroinflammatory processes in response to injury. Tlr4 is highly expressed in ocular tissues and is known to modulate inflammatory processes in both anterior and posterior segment tissues. TLR4 activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and…

Association Between Long-Term Metformin Use and Risk of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients With Diabetes MellitusCONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a moderate protective effect on the risk of open-angle glaucoma at lower cumulative metformin dosages. A dose-dependent effect was not observed.

A case report: iridociliary melanocytoma associated with secondary glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: This case underscores the importance of obtaining adequate tumor specimens for accurate diagnosis via FNAB in iris and ciliary body tumors. Additionally, for patients with secondary glaucoma, partial iridocyclectomy emerges as a promising intervention, addressing anterior chamber angle obstruction to alleviate IOP while facilitating histopathological diagnosis for subsequent management.

Prevalence of Vision Loss in High-Income Countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2020: Magnitude and Temporal TrendsCONCLUSIONS: Age-standardized prevalence of blindness and MSVI have further decreased in HIC and Eastern/Central Europe (except for high-income North America with an increase).

Visual Acuity and Complications at Age 7 Years Following Bilateral Secondary Intraocular Lens Implantation at 2 to Younger Than 6 Years for Pediatric AphakiaCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that secondary IOL implantation performed between the ages of 2 and younger than 6 years following bilateral pediatric cataract lensectomy can achieve comparable visual outcomes; however, the risk of glaucoma increases with older implantation age.

Microglia remodeling in the visual thalamus of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucomaMicroglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and mediate a broad array of adaptations during disease, injury, and development. Typically, microglia morphology is understood to provide a window into their function and microglia have the capacity to adopt a broad spectrum of functional phenotypes characterized by numerous morphologies and gene expression…

Implantable Phakic Contact Lens: A Systematic ReviewCONCLUSION: The (diffractive) IPCL is a promising pIOL, with current published data showing overall good results. Interpretation of the monofocal IPCL is hampered by the suboptimal pre-operative CDVA leading to worse post-operative UDVA compared to the golden standard ICL. Direct comparative studies show similar results in both groups. Further research is needed to draw a…

Harnessing the Underutilized Potential of Lens Capsule Transplantation in Ophthalmology: A Narrative Review of Current Applications and Future DirectionsThe human lens capsule is a transparent and durable basement membrane routinely discarded during cataract surgery, exhibiting unique biochemical, biomechanical, and immunologic properties. This narrative review discusses validated ophthalmic applications across corneal, retinal, and glaucoma filtration surgeries. It emphasizes the capsule's emerging role as a tissue-engineering scaffold for cultivating corneal endothelial cells, limbal epithelial stem…

Barriers and Facilitators of Implementing a Community and Faith-Based Intervention to Increase Eye Care Utilization in Black AmericansPurpose To identify the determinants to successfully implement a community-based intervention to increase eye care utilization in individuals at high-risk for glaucoma. Design Qualitative study with semi-structured interviews Methods Semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with community members in Detroit, Michigan at a trusted community site. Participants were Black Americans at least 40 years of age.…

Spectrum of Ophthalmic Manifestations in Patients With Transfusion-Dependent ThalassemiaCONCLUSION: Ophthalmic manifestations such as refractive errors, vascular tortuosity, pigmentation near the optic disc, and disc edema are common findings in thalassemia patients. This comprehensive study highlights the importance of regular ophthalmic evaluations in TDT patients, emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary approach that includes hematologists and ophthalmologists. Early detection and management of ophthalmic complications…

Exosomal microRNA from Plasma in Patients with Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma of KoreaThis study aimed to determine the microRNA (miRNA) profile extracted from exosomes in plasma samples in pseudoexfoliation (PEX) glaucoma patients compared to controls. A blood sample (10 mL) was obtained after acquiring written informed consent. Exosome was extracted from each plasma sample using an Exoquick-TC kit. RNA sequencing was performed for each exosome sample. A…

Diagnostic Accuracy of Smart Supra Perimetry in Comparison with Standard Automated Perimetry in the Detection of Early GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: The SS supra-threshold test was faster and had equivalent diagnostic accuracy to the SITA standard 24-2 threshold test in early/suspect glaucoma.

In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Outcomes of Hypotony After Trabeculectomy Management with Autologous Blood Injection: A Single-Center Retrospective StudyBackground: This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of peribleb autologous blood injections in patients with hypotony maculopathy following trabeculectomy. Methods: In this retrospective chart-review study, patients with hypotony maculopathy from over-filtering bleb following mitomycin C (MMC)-augmented trabeculectomy treated with ≥1 peribleb autologous blood injections, ≥12 months of follow-up, and macula optical coherence…

Bleb Complications after XEN Gel Stent implantation Linked to Mitomycin C (MMC)CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Xen Gel Stent implantation with mitomycin C was associated with scleral melt and blebitis, similar to reports following trabeculectomy. Adjunctive antimetabolite use should consider individualized patient risk profiles.

Association of Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter During Pregnancy with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Risk: A Matched Case-Control StudyBackground/Objectives: To assess the association of residential-level maternal particulate matter of 2.5 μm diameter or less (PM(2.5)) exposure during pregnancy with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) risk. Methods: This study used data from children diagnosed with ASD (i.e., aniridia, iris hypoplasia, Peters anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, or primary congenital glaucoma) by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist at a…

Factors Influencing Discrepancies in Intraocular Pressure Measurements Between iCare IC200 and Goldmann TonometerCONCLUSIONS: RBT tends to overestimate IOP relative to GAT in patients with thicker CCTs, while it underestimates IOP in those with higher GAT-measured IOP or a history of cataract surgery.

Clinical Applications of the Cone Contrast Test in Ophthalmology and NeurologyColor vision is a critical aspect of human visual perception, yet traditional assessments often lack quantitative precision. The Rabin Cone Contrast Test and its successors offer objective, standardized measurements of cone-specific contrast sensitivity. These tests improve the detection and classification of color vision deficiencies and can facilitate the monitoring of color vision deficits in inherited…

Intraocular Pressure Monitoring Using An Implantable Sensor Detects Structural Glaucoma Progression in the EYEMATE-IO TrialCONCLUSIONS: Peak IOP and IOP fluctuations in glaucoma patients derived from measurements with the EYEMATE-IO sensor were associated with progression of the disease, whereas GAT measurements were not. These findings suggest that self-measurements of IOP throughout the day with an implantable IOP sensor can predict glaucoma progression.

Efficacy and Safety of XEN63 Gel Stent Implant over 6 Months for Treatment of GlaucomaBackground/objectives: The efficacy and safety of the XEN45 gel stent implant in patients with glaucoma have been amply demonstrated. XEN63 is a new device that has been developed with a larger bore. This multicenter, observational, retrospective study assessed the efficacy and safety of XEN63 in patients with glaucoma. Methods: Medical records from six participating centers…

Advances in Choroid-Glaucoma Structural-Functional Correlations Using swept-source optical coherence tomographyThe choroid is a highly vascularized tissue that provides the main blood flow supply, mostly oxygen and nutrients, to the retina. The choroid is thought to play an important role in the progression of glaucoma because of its special structure and rich blood flow. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear due to limitations in research…

Gene Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: An UpdateDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. It is characterized by a spectrum of disease that spans mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) all the way to neovascular glaucoma and tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Most eyes with DR remain asymptomatic unless vision-threatening complications, such as…

Corneal hysteresis as a biomarker in glaucoma development among patients with myopia: a prospective study based on the UK BiobankCONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated a significant joint association between CH and myopia regarding glaucoma development, suggesting that altered ocular biomechanical properties could play a pronounced role in glaucoma development, particularly within the highly myopic population.

Efficacy and Safety of Ab Externo Open Conjunctiva XEN() 63 m Implantation with a 30G Needle Scleral Tract in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaBackground: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of the 30G needle mediated ab externo open conjunctiva approach for the XEN 63 µm implant in primary open-angle glaucoma. Methods: A retrospective and non-randomized study was conducted on consecutive cases of medically refractory primary open-angle glaucoma treated with standalone ab externo open conjunctiva XEN^(®)…

Changes in corneal higher-order aberrations following PreserFlo MicroShunt implantationIn this retrospective study, we evaluated changes in corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after PreserFlo MicroShunt (PFM) implantation and examined factors associated with the outcomes. We included 101 PFM implantations performed between February 2023 and June 2024. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal HOAs, and coma-like and spherical aberrations were analyzed preoperatively, at 1 week, and at…

Patient Comfort, Acceptance, and Tolerability of Virtual Reality (VR) Headsets with Real-Time Eye Tracking for Remote Visual Field TestingObjectives: Visual field (VF) testing is key to assessing functional loss in glaucoma. Despite its clinical value, traditional VF testing has a number of limitations, including its dependency on medical equipment and posturing requirements. The present study examines the acceptance, tolerability, and comfort of home-based VF testing using a virtual reality (VR) headset. Method: Healthy…

Optic disc morphology in congenital glaucomaCONCLUSION: Despite axial elongation, the optic disc morphology of children with primary congenital glaucoma are not significantly different from healthy controls.

Variations in Intraocular Pressure Among Athletes Across Different Sports DisciplinesObjectives: Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-known risk factor for glaucoma. This study investigated the impact of two distinct types of physical activity-endurance (marathon running) and strength (weightlifting)-on IOP variations. Methods: Forty healthy male athletes (20 marathon runners, 20 weightlifters) aged 18-35 years were recruited and monitored over three months. IOP was measured using…

Trabeculectomy Bleb Characteristics in Relation to Bleb Success using Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography - A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCONCLUSIONS: Greater bleb height, thicker bleb walls, and lower reflectivity on ASOCT are consistently associated with successful trabeculectomy outcomes. The ASOCT may be useful in predicting bleb success and in supplementing post-operative monitoring, hence guiding timely medical or procedural interventions, to ensure long-term bleb success.

Benefits of Explorative Saccade Training in Patients with Advanced Glaucomatous Visual Field Defects-A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled StudyPurpose: Patients with advanced glaucoma have visual field defects that impair mobility and quality of life (QoL). We aim to determine the effects of exploratory saccade training (EST) in such patients with bilateral overlapping scotomas that affect at least one visual field quadrant. Patients and Methods: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of…

Clinical Outcomes of Intraluminal Stent Removal After PAUL Glaucoma Implant SurgeryCONCLUSIONS: Removal of the prolene stent following PGI surgery effectively lowers IOP in the short term, with a moderate increase in IOP and need for pressure-lowering therapy over time. However, it can also lead to adverse outcomes, such as hypotony and suprachoroidal hemorrhage, especially in patients with systemic risk factors or those undergoing early removal.

Netarsudil v/s Ripasudil: The battle of supremacy between two ROCKS-I (rho kinase inhibitors) CONCLUSION: Topical netarsudil 0.02% once daily was well tolerated with fewer side effects and in reducing IOP than topical ripasudil 0.4% twice daily dosing in POAG patients. Netarsudil 0.02% once daily may be considered an important option for the IOP control in POAG.

Preparation of Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells for Metabolomic Studies The trabecular meshwork (TM) is a sieve-like structure within the anterior chamber of the eye responsible for the drainage of aqueous humor and regulation of intraocular pressure (IOP). Dysfunctional TM causes resistance to aqueous outflow and ocular hypertension (elevated IOP), the only modifiable risk factor in the development of glaucoma. The study of metabolites, small…

Prevalence of Glaucoma in Europe and Projections to 2050: Findings from the European Eye Epidemiology (E3) Consortium CONCLUSIONS: The current and future burden of glaucoma in Europe may be substantially higher than previously estimated, with a considerable proportion of disease in the general population remaining undetected. This may have broader implications for other age-related conditions where the number of affected individuals is based solely on published aggregate-level data.

Irregular temporal fluctuations in visual, cognitive and emotional brain regions in primary open-angle glaucoma patients Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is now seen as a progressively worsening neurodegenerative disorder. Previvors neuroimaging studies neglect dynamic brain activity, assuming static patterns in resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), while intrinsic brain activity is dynamic and fluctuates over time. To test the time-varying brain activity in POAG patients, a temporal dynamic analysis of rs-fMRI data was…

Presumed bupropion-associated acute bilateral angle-closure with uveal effusions Herein, we report a case of a woman in late adulthood with bilateral acute angle closure crisis (AACC) secondary to uveal effusions exacerbated by bupropion. Near vision was 20/20 in both eyes and intraocular pressure (IOP) was 40 and 45 mmHg in the right (OD) and left eye (OS), respectively. We noted bilateral chemosis, uniformly…

Comparison of Normal Tension Glaucoma and Preperimetric Glaucoma and Changes in Medication Use: A Multicenter Survey in Japan CONCLUSION: NTG was more prevalent than PPG in this population. Patients with PPG were significantly younger and required fewer medications compared to those with NTG.

Prospective study of a rotating gantry with scanning beams of carbon-ion radiotherapy for choroidal malignant melanoma To evaluate the safety of a rotating gantry with scanning beams of carbon-ion radiotherapy (C-ion RT) for choroidal malignant melanoma. A prospective study of C-ion RT using a rotating gantry with scanning beams for choroidal malignant melanoma was initiated at the National Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, QST Hospital in March 2018. The inclusion…

Electrochemical immunosensing for rapid glaucoma disease diagnosis through simultaneous determination of SPP1 and GAS6 proteins in ocular fluids The present work reports the development of the first electrochemical immunoplatform for the simultaneous determination of Osteopontin (SPP1) and Growth Arrest-Specific 6 (GAS6) proteins, novel glaucoma-related biomarkers, involving magnetic microparticles (μMPs), specific capture (CAb) and detection (DAb) antibodies further labeled with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) for the selective and sensitive sandwiching of both proteins and amperometric…

Factors Influencing the Incidence and Onset of Primary Angle-Closure Glaucoma in the Unaffected Eye of DogsCONCLUSIONS: No treatment regimen was found to be superior to another for PACG prophylaxis. Future prospective studies are warranted to investigate complementary glaucoma management strategies.

Traumatic Glaucoma Managed With Ab Interno Trabeculotomy (Trabectome): A Case ReportA 55-year-old patient sustained a bungee cord injury to his left eye, resulting in a traumatic cataract, vitreous prolapse into the anterior chamber, and extensive angle recession. Despite cataract surgery with pars plana vitrectomy and maximal medical therapy, intraocular pressure (IOP) remained elevated at 40 mmHg. The patient was diagnosed with mixed-mechanism traumatic glaucoma. Ab…

Age-Related Dysregulation of α5β1 and αvβ3 Integrin Activity Alters Contractile Properties of Trabecular Meshwork CellsCONCLUSIONS: These studies suggest that age-related dysregulation of α5β1 and αvβ3 integrin signaling may represent an important early molecular event in inducing fibrogenic pathways associated with POAG.

Proteome cargo and functional heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and differentiated cells of human trabecular meshworkCONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive protein profiling of TMSC-derived sEV, demonstrating the presence of functional proteins and their capacity to regulate the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways in the recipient TM cells. This highlights the potential of TMSC sEV in advancing cell-free therapeutic strategies for POAG in future.

Primary open-angle glaucoma: a perspective from plasma metabolomicsINTRODUCTION: Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is an optic neuropathy, characterized by progressive loss of visual field, loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and optic nerve damage. The diagnosis and management of POAG involves tests such as static perimetry, tonometry and optical coherence tomography (OCT) to track progressive structural and functional changes. All these methods have…

Enhanced glaucoma detection using U-Net and U-Net+ architectures using deep learning techniquesThis study compares multiple image processing and deep learning methods to demonstrate an enhanced approach to glaucoma diagnosis. The approach focuses on noise reduction using median filtering and optic disc segmentation utilizing the U-Net and U-Net+ architectures. Capsule Networks were utilized for feature extraction and Extreme Learning Machines (ELM) for diagnostic classification. Three datasets were…

Incidence and Prevalence of Glaucoma, Corticosteroid Response, and Ocular Hypertension in Uveitis and its Anatomical SubtypesCONCLUSIONS: Since 2013, the incidence and prevalence rates of uveitic glaucoma have been decreasing. Patients with both anterior and intermediate uveitis patients had the highest relative rates of glaucoma compared to other uveitis subtypes.

Incidence and risk factors for glaucoma and its clinical, mental health and economic impact in an elderly population: a longitudinal studyCONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma incidence rate varies among geographical regions in China. Several risk factors for incident glaucoma were identified. In addition, glaucoma was found to be associated with multiple physical and psychosocial outcomes. Targeted public health strategies are needed, emphasising early detection and better vision care, to alleviate the burden of glaucoma and improve well-being.

Retinal Hyperreflective Foci Are Biomarkers of Ocular Disease: A Scoping Review With Evidence From Humans and Insights From Animal ModelsBackground: Abnormalities in the retina have a profound impact on vision, and accurate diagnosis and monitoring are essential for effective clinical management. Retinal hyperreflective foci (HRF), lesions, or dots, identified using optical coherence tomography (OCT), are observed in both animals and humans and have been associated with several ocular conditions, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), age-related…

Incidence and risk factors of ocular hypertension following ıntravitreal dexamethasone implantation: the role of baseline intraocular pressureCONCLUSION: Intravitreal Ozurdex implantation is associated with a significant increase in IOP, necessitating close monitoring. Higher baseline IOP and male gender were identified as major risk factors. While the majority of cases were successfully managed with topical therapy, a small proportion required surgical intervention. Further research is warranted to improve risk stratification and optimize management…

Application of advanced diffusion MRI based tractometry of the visual pathway in glaucoma: a systematic reviewCONCLUSIONS: This review enhances our understanding of WM changes in glaucoma and highlights the potential for dMRI tractometry as a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of the disease. By quantifying WM changes, tractometry offers valuable insights not only into the visual pathway but also into brain regions affected by glaucoma. This could lead…

The clinical efficacy of combining endoscopic cyclophotocoagulation (ECP) with cataract extraction in the therapeutic intervention for malignant glaucoma following trabeculectomyCONCLUSIONS: The combination of ECP and cataract extraction proves to be a safe and effective therapeutic approach for managing malignant glaucoma following anti-glaucoma surgery.

Diagnosis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Mental Health StatusCONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: These findings support the need for further studies to confirm the association between POAG diagnosis and a decrease in mental health score and to develop strategies to inform patients about their POAG diagnosis without producing undue distress, anxiety, and depression.

Appreciating the Role of Mental Health in Glaucoma Diagnosis and CareNo abstract

Outcomes of Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy treated with Anti-VEGF therapy and/or PRP in the United States who were Lost to Follow UpCONCLUSIONS: Patients who are LTFU develop serious vision-threatening complications and are at risk for vision loss when they return for care. Future efforts should aim to maximize adherence with treatment for PDR to prevent vision loss.

High burden of blindness at initial hospitalisation with primary angle-closure glaucoma in a national multicentre study in ChinaCONCLUSIONS: In China, two out of every five PACG patients presenting for initial hospitalisation experienced blindness in at least one eye. Efforts to reduce this burden should focus on improving diagnostic and treatment services at city-level facilities in rural settings while focusing on older patients presenting with higher IOP.

Management outcomes and clinical features of combined exfoliation syndrome with angle closure glaucomaThis study investigated the distinctive features and management outcomes of combined exfoliation syndrome and angle-closure glaucoma (XFS-PACG) through a prospective, multicenter observational cohort study including 350 patients (118 XFS, 127 PACG, 105 combined XFS-PACG). Combined pathology demonstrated unique characteristics including bimodal diurnal IOP fluctuations, asymmetric angle closure correlating with exfoliation material distribution, and accelerated zonular…

Micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation versus slow coagulation in refractory glaucoma: study protocol of a randomized clinical trialBACKGROUND: Traditional continuous diode laser transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TCW-TSCPC) has been used for decades to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) by decreasing aqueous humor (AH) production in patients with glaucoma. Micropulse cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) and slow coagulation (SC-TSCPC) are the newest transscleral cyclophotocoagulation (TSCPC) techniques that result in lower inflammation and complication rates compared to the traditional technique.…

Aqueous humor cytokines levels and illuminated microcatheter-assisted circumferential trabeculotomy outcome in open-angle glaucoma patients: a 24-month prospective studyCONCLUSION: Higher concentrations of CCL2, ICAM-1, IL-6 and CXCL10 in the aqueous humor were related to the failure of MAT surgery in OAG patients, and chemokine signaling pathway might be associated with the surgical outcome.

GONet: A Generalizable Deep Learning Model for Glaucoma DetectionGlaucomatous optic neuropathy (GON), affecting an estimated 64.3 million people globally, causes irreversible vision loss when not detected early. Traditional diagnosis requires time-consuming ophthalmic examinations by specialists. Recent deep learning models for automating GON detection from colour fundus photographs (CFP) have shown promise but often suffer from limited generalizability across different ethnicities, disease groups and…

Inclusion cysts after manual small incision cataract surgery: insights into presentation, management and outcomesWe report a series of three patients who developed conjunctival inclusion cysts following manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS). Presenting symptoms included foreign body sensation and ocular irritation, sometimes mistaken for filtering blebs. Diagnosis was confirmed through slit-lamp examination, ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Surgical management varied: two cases underwent…

Nutritional therapy in ophthalmology-patients' interest and motivationCONCLUSION: Our patients who were surveyed had high interest in nutritional therapy for ophthalmologic diseases, and were also theoretically motivated to implement it. Patients with sicca, glaucoma and AMD were more motivated; however this was not related to the stage of their disease. Most patients are willing to only pay small amounts for the consultation.

Genetic Spectrum and Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in a Chinese Cohort With Nanophthalmos With Secondary Angle-Closure GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Among Chinese patients with NSACG, PRSS56 and MFRP were the predominant AR variants, whereas MYRF and TMEM98 were the main AD variants. Genetic diagnosis exhibited shorter AL and a more crowded anterior segment, leading to accelerated glaucoma progression. The faster glaucoma progression in AD cases highlights the need for early intervention.

Interocular Asymmetry of OCT Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Values in a Normative Population: The Framingham Heart StudyCONCLUSIONS: The 95% limits for average RNFL and CDR were within 12.7 microns and 0.2 units, respectively, between eyes.

Impact of Optic Nerve Tortuosity, Globe Proptosis, and Size on Retinal Ganglion Cell Thickness Across General, Glaucoma, and Myopic PopulationsCONCLUSIONS: Straighter optic nerves and decreased ILPP distance could cause RNFL thinning, possibly due to greater traction forces. ILPP distance emerged as a potential biomarker of axonal health. These findings underscore the importance of orbit structures in RGC axonal health and warrant further research into orbit biomechanics.

Association Between Long-Term Ambient Air Pollution and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Nationwide Cohort Study in TaiwanCONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollution is significantly associated with an increased risk of POAG. These findings highlight the critical need for further research and public health interventions to mitigate this risk, particularly in regions with high pollution levels.

In their eyes: parental experiences navigating pediatric glaucoma diagnosis, treatment, and care in Turkey - a qualitative studyCONCLUSIONS: Pediatric glaucoma affects not only vision but all aspects of family life, including finances, sibling relationships, and parental wellbeing. Findings highlight the need for family-centered care models that address both clinical and psychosocial dimensions of pediatric glaucoma. Implementing teleophthalmology services, developing regional expertise through hub-and-spoke models, integrating psychological support, and creating accessible educational resources…

A Rare Presentation of an Ocular Ischemic Syndrome Complicated by Neovascular Glaucoma in a Patient With Mild Carotid Artery Stenosis: A Case ReportA 72-year-old male with hypertension, dyslipidemia, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, and gout presented with painless blurred vision in the right eye, with intermittent ipsilateral headache for six months. Upon presentation, the right eye vision was 6/60 pinhole 6/36, with the presence of a relative afferent pupillary defect. An anterior segment examination revealed right…

Artificial intelligence in ophthalmology: opportunities, challenges, and ethical considerationsCONCLUSIONS: AI is rapidly transforming vision sciences by improving diagnostic accuracy, streamlining clinical workflow, and broadening access to quality eye care, particularly in underserved regions. Its integration into ophthalmology and optometry thus holds significant promise for enhancing patient outcomes and optimizing healthcare delivery. However, to harness the transformative potential of AI fully, sustained multidisciplinary collaboration,…

Anatomy of the Macular Ganglion Cell Layer Plexus on Projection-Resolved Optical Coherence Tomographic AngiographyCONCLUSIONS: We defined the anatomic GCLP slab in the macula on PR-OCTA, which is the anterior 75% of the combined GCIPL. Its density correlates best with GCC, which also contains the NFL, suggesting that it also supplies at least the posterior aspect of the NFL.

Robust Uncertainty-Informed Glaucoma Classification Under Data ShiftCONCLUSIONS: Our approach addresses the challenge of generalization in standard DL models for glaucoma classification across diverse datasets by selectively withholding predictions when the model is uncertain. This method reduces misclassification errors compared to state-of-the-art baselines, particularly for OOD cases.

Implementation of a tablet-based care prevention programme-information and communication technology-integrated occupational therapy for older adults with cognitive declineCONCLUSION: This case highlights the potential of ICT-integrated occupational therapy in enhancing IADL among community-dwelling older adults with cognitive decline. Future research should focus on both testing and developing structured ICT-based interventions to further support social participation and daily independence.

Correlation of optic nerve hemoglobin levels with structural and functional parameters in glaucomaGlaucoma is a chronic and progressive eye disease that leads to irreversible damage to the optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer, resulting in visual field loss. Abnormalities in retinal blood flow and vascular regulation are increasingly recognized as key factors in glaucoma development. This study explores the relationship between optic nerve head hemoglobin (ONH…

Neonatal Visual Impairment: Etiologies, Screening, and ManagementSevere visual impairment in the newborn period can be attributed to prenatal and perinatal etiologies. Prenatal causes include various congenital anomalies such as anophthalmos or microphthalmos, congenital cataracts, congenital glaucoma, retinal dystrophies, and retinoblastoma. Acquired perinatal causes include ophthalmia neonatorum, cerebral visual impairment related to neurologic insult, and retinopathy of prematurity. Severe visual impairment can…

Treatment outcomes of pars plana vitrectomy-hyaloidotomy-zonulectomy-iridectomy in malignant glaucoma in a tertiary eye care center in South IndiaCONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy-hyaloidotomy-zonulectomy-iridectomy surgery has favorable outcomes in eyes with malignant glaucoma.

Intraocular pressure reduction in patients treated with micropulse laser trabeculoplasty vs selective laser trabeculoplastyCONCLUSIONS: Laser trabeculoplasty is an effective treatment for glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension. IOP reduction was comparable between MLT and SLT, with no significant differences between the two technologies. Their favorable safety profile makes them an excellent choice as either a first-line or adjuvant treatment for IOP control.

Early outcomes of 5-0 prolene gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy in juvenile open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSION: GATT is efficacious and safe with good surgical outcomes in JOAG patients.

PUPILLARY REFLEX AT EASE: A new instrument for the demonstration of Pupillary reflexAs ophthalmologists, we often come across a lot of patients with neuro-ophthalmological disorders that show no positive examination findings except for subtle abnormalities in the pupillary light reflex. However, these subtle changes are often overlooked in a busy OPD setting, especially by junior doctors and nursing staff. Thus, we decided to develop an innovation to…

Human Papillomavirus Infection is Associated with Increased Risk of Glaucoma: Real-World EvidenceCONCLUSION: HPV infection is associated with a higher risk of glaucoma. While these findings highlight a potential need for increased ophthalmologic surveillance in HPV-positive individuals, the possibility of surveillance bias, in which individuals with HPV may receive more frequent healthcare and eye examinations, cannot be excluded. Further studies are warranted to explore causal mechanisms and…

Incidence and Prevalence of Scleritis Subtypes and Associated Ocular Complications in the TriNetX DatabaseCONCLUSIONS: Demographics and comorbidities of the TriNetX scleritis cohort were similar to scleritis cohorts in previous studies. However, the overall scleritis incidence rate was higher when compared to the previous literature, with varying yearly incidence and prevalence scleritis subtype rates. Further research is needed to assess for the increasing incidence of low vision over time.

Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Associated Factors among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Gondar, Ethiopia, 2022CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that visual impairment was significantly higher in adult glaucoma patients. Female gender, rural residence, primary open-angle glaucoma, advanced stage glaucoma, and longer duration of diagnosis were significantly associated with visual impairment in adult glaucoma patients.

Clinical significance of a novel inflammatory-nutritional index in glaucoma severity evaluationThis study investigated the association between glaucoma and serum albumin (Alb), lymphocyte percentage (LYMPH%), and their combined index (LAP = LYMPH% × Alb), to evaluate their potential as biomarkers for systemic inflammation and disease progression in glaucoma. We enrolled 161 glaucoma patients and 181 healthy controls. Serum Alb and LYMPH% were measured using standard blood…

Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma: Advances in Diagnosis, Progression Forecasting, and Surgical Outcome PredictionGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, with challenges persisting in early diagnosis, disease progression, and surgical outcome prediction. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have enabled significant progress by extracting clinically relevant patterns from structural, functional, and molecular data. This review outlines the current applications of artificial intelligence in glaucoma care, including early detection…

Epidemiological Studies on Eye Diseases in Centers for Stray Dogs in Northwestern RomaniaEye disease in dogs is a common problem that can affect both the health and well-being of the animals. The aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence and incidence of the most common eye diseases in a large population of dogs from two stray dog centers in northwestern Romania over a two-year period.We…

Characterizing the circularly oriented macular pigment using spatiotemporal sensitivity to structured light entoptic phenomenaTo characterize the optical density of circularly oriented macular pigment (MP) in the human retina, as a quantification of macular health, Psychophysical discrimination tests were performed on human subjects using structured light-induced entoptic phenomena. Central exclusions were used to determine the visual extents of stimuli with varying spatiotemporal frequencies. A model was developed to describe…

Effect of orally administered cannabidiol oil on daily tonometric curve in healthy Italian Saddle horsesCONCLUSIONS: CBD 20% was effective to significantly reduce IOP in healthy adult Italian Saddle horses and may be an effective hypotensive agent to be implemented in case of primary or secondary glaucoma.

Paediatric glaucoma in Stickler syndromes: a comprehensive review of prevalence, comorbidities and outcomesCONCLUSIONS: Early identification of clinical signs is critical for effective intervention. Paediatric patients with Stickler syndrome, particularly those with cataract or hearing loss, are at higher risk of glaucoma and, therefore, should be closely monitored, in addition to regular retinal assessments. Given the limitations of this review-including small sample sizes and variable diagnostic methods-larger standardised…

Causal relationship between glycemic traits and inflammatory eye diseases and their complications, and myopia: a Mendelian randomization analysisCurrent evidence on glycemic traits' causal links to inflammatory eye diseases, complications, and myopia remains limited and inconsistent, particularly regarding glucose regulation. This study evaluates specific indicators to address these knowledge gaps. A two-sample Mendelian randomization framework from a genome-wide association study was used. Causal estimates were obtained using inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted…

Prevalence, reasons, and factors associated with loss to follow-up in newly diagnosed glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients in ThailandThis study aimed to investigate the prevalence and reasons for discontinuation of follow-up among newly diagnosed glaucoma suspects and glaucoma patients. Patients newly diagnosed with glaucoma suspect, primary glaucoma, and secondary glaucoma within a 2-year period who had visited the ophthalmic outpatient department and had missed an appointment by at least 6 months were identified.…

Relationship Between Intracranial Pressure, Ocular Blood Flow and Vessel Density: Insights from OCTA and Doppler ImagingBackground and Objectives: Despite the growing amount of new research, the pathophysiology of glaucoma remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between intracranial pressure (ICP), ocular blood flow and structural optic nerve parameters. Materials and Methods: A prospective clinical study was conducted involving 24 patients with open-angle glaucoma and 25…

Visual field outcomes after cataract surgery with or without microinvasive glaucoma surgery in open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs reporting visual field resultsCONCLUSION: Among the MIGS devices studied (iStent and Hydrus), combining them with cataract surgery provided VF benefits in terms of rate of deterioration and decline, and reduced medication dependence. Standardised follow-up and reporting practices are essential for evaluating MIGS's role in glaucoma management.

Genetic Analysis of CYP1B1 and Other Anterior Segment Dysgenesis-Associated Genes in Latvian Cohort of Primary Congenital GlaucomaBackground: Primary congenital glaucoma (PCG) is a rare disease with an incidence of 1 in 12,000 to 18,000 in Europeans. The scarcity of the disease and limited access to genetic testing have hindered research, particularly within the Latvian population. Objectives: This study aims to present the preliminary results of a molecular genetic investigation into PCG…

Affordable Sinskey Hook Goniotomy and Cataract Surgery in Black and Afro-Latino Patients Diagnosed with Glaucoma: Retrospective Real-World One-Year ResultsBackground/Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of early phacoemulsification cataract surgery combined with goniotomy using a Sinskey hook in patients with glaucoma. Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted at Advanced Eye Care of New York; a private practice located in New York City. Most patients carried diagnoses of mild to moderate glaucoma…

Two-Year Outcome of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty for Normal-Tension Glaucoma in Japan: First-Line or Second-Line Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (FSS) StudyObjectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the two-year continuous efficacy, risk factors, and safety profile of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) in Japanese individuals diagnosed with normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) who underwent SLT as either a first-line or second-line treatment. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted of patients with NTG who underwent SLT…

Unmasking the Hidden Morbidity of Ocular Diseases in Primary Care Through a Collaboration with Specialists in Remote Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study from Rural Crete, GreeceBackground: Ocular disorders are not frequently addressed in primary care, which is more visible in remote rural settings. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and pattern of eye diseases in a remote rural population of Crete and to explore whether they represent a hidden morbidity. Materials and Methods: A community-based, cross-sectional…

Iris Crypts Could Reduce the Chance of Angle Closure: A Computational Biomechanics Study Derived From Clinical and Human Iris DataCONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the biomechanics of crypts in the iris may drive the development of novel treatments by altering ABL morphology, providing an alternative bypass for angle closure prevention in high-risk patients.

Corneoscleral plaque brachytherapy using 'BARC I-125 Ocu-Prosta seeds' in the management of iridociliary melanomaWe present the case of a woman in her late 40s who presented with an iris lesion extending to the ciliary body and mature white cataract with a visual acuity of perception of light in her right eye. The tumour was managed with Bhabha Atomic Research Centre Iodine-125 (BARC I-125) Ocu-Prosta seeds plaque therapy with…

The Utility of Virtual Reality in Ophthalmology: A ReviewVirtual reality (VR) has been implemented in multiple facets of healthcare and the study of medicine. In the field of ophthalmology, VR facilitates surgical and non-surgical training while assisting in diagnosis and treatment. Our goal was to explore the applications and feasibility of VR in ophthalmology. We performed a search of the literature on the…

Role of Endocannabinoids in Glaucoma: A ReviewCONCLUSION: The possibilities are indeed immense, and further research into the complex relationship between ECS and glaucoma is imperative to enable us to develop therapies for this otherwise chronic, progressive neuropathy, where the only armament in our hands is early diagnosis and maintenance therapy.

Comparison of the Real-world Performance of Henson 9000 Perimeter and Humphrey Field Analyzer in Glaucoma PatientsCONCLUSION: Outcomes with the Henson 9000 were reliable, with measured global indices strongly correlated with HFA results. In early glaucoma, outcomes were comparable to HFA with shorter tests, suggesting the potential of the Henson 9000 as a screening tool for early glaucoma.

Congenital microcoria: Description of 3 cases in a familyCongenital microcoria (MCOR) is a rare ocular anomaly characterized by pupil smaller than 2 mm with no response to mydriatic agents. It can present in two forms: autosomal recessive associated with Pierson syndrome and autosomal dominant isolated (associated with a high incidence of myopia and glaucoma). Studies have identified deletions in the 13q32.1 region of…

Macular Microvasculature Asymmetry Analysis for Evaluating Open-Angle Glaucoma in Diabetic Retinopathy Patients Treated with Pan-Retinal PhotocoagulationCONCLUSIONS: Relying on pRNFL thickness for OAG evaluation in PRP-treated patients is not recommended. Analysis of vertical microvasculature asymmetry can serve as a useful factor for diagnosing OAG.

A novel founder variant in BEST1 gene causing autosomal recessive bestrophinopathyCONCLUSION: The identification of the same, novel homozygous BEST1 missense variant in twelve patients from nine unrelated, consanguineous families of Egyptian origin, suggests a founder effect. Angle-closure glaucoma was the most commonly associated ocular abnormality (30%). Our finding expands the molecular spectrum of ARB-associated variants, and identification of this founder variant can simplify genetic testing…

Obstructive Sleep Apnea as a Potentiator of Primary Open Angle Glaucoma and Necessity for Interventional TherapyCONCLUSIONS: The rate of glaucoma surgery appears similar between POAG patients with and without OSA, despite those with OSA demonstrating a greater risk for rapid progression and vision loss. Future practice patterns should pay special attention to OSA patients and consider offering more aggressive or earlier intervention, which may aid in limiting disease progression.

Usefulness of Measuring Corneal Stiffness in Predicting the Reduction of Intraocular Pressure With Microhook Ab Interno TrabeculotomyCONCLUSIONS: ORA and Corvis ST measurements suggested that stiff cornea was a risk factor for high postoperative GAT-IOP after TLO, in addition to preoperative high Hb, high CRP, and the use of brimonidine tartrate.

Pupil responses to melanopsin-isolating stimuli as a potential diagnostic biomarker for glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Pupil responses to melanopsin-isolating spectra were similar between glaucoma and control participants. Pupillary responses to melanopsin-isolating silent substitution spectra are unlikely to be useful as a diagnostic biomarker for glaucoma.

Visual Function and Intraocular Pressure Outcomes Following Surgical Intervention in Pediatric Patients with Inflammatory GlaucomaCONCLUSION: Our data showcases that glaucoma surgery in patients with well controlled uveitis, can provide significant benefit to patients that are refractory to medical management, by reducing IOP and glaucoma medication burden, with excellent visual outcomes at two years.

Targeting Mitochondrial Dysfunction: Innovative Strategies to Combat Glaucoma NeuroinflammationGlaucomatous optic neuropathy represents a prevalent optic nerve degenerative disease. Neuroinflammation is recognized as a significant mechanism underlying optic nerve damage in glaucoma; however, the precise mechanisms driving neuroinflammation remain largely elusive. Existing studies have indicated that microglia-driven neuroinflammation is pivotal for neuroinflammation onset and progression. Mitochondrial dysfunction, encompassing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage, metabolic deficiencies,…

Deep learning-based automatic differentiation of acute angle closure with or without zonulopathy using ultrasound biomicroscopy: a comparison of diagnostic performance with ophthalmologistsCONCLUSIONS: AI models and ophthalmologists effectively differentiated AAC with or without zonulopathy. However, when evaluated in terms of both accuracy and efficiency, the AI model showed superior comprehensive diagnostic performance, demonstrating high clinical applicability for preoperative diagnosis.

A deep learning model integrating domain-specific features for enhanced glaucoma diagnosisGlaucoma is a group of serious eye diseases that can cause incurable blindness. Despite the critical need for early detection, over 60% of cases remain undiagnosed, especially in less developed regions. Glaucoma diagnosis is a costly task and some models have been proposed to automate diagnosis based on images of the retina, specifically the area…

Ferroptosis Contributes to Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in GLAST Knockout Mouse Model of Normal Tension GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Ferroptosis significantly contributes to RGC and retinal damage in the GLAST-deletion NTG model. Inhibiting ferroptosis with Fer-1 presents a promising therapeutic strategy for protecting visual function in NTG.

Metabolomic Profiling of Aqueous Humor From Glaucoma Patients Identifies Metabolites With Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Potential in MiceCONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed significant metabolic alterations in POAG that affect key cellular functions. Agmatine and thiamine could be potential immunomodulatory or neuroprotective drugs to treat or prevent neuroinflammatory damage to the retina during glaucoma.

Nystagmus in Clinical Practice: From Diagnosis to Treatment-A Comprehensive ReviewNystagmus, a common yet intricate ocular movement disorder, significantly contributes to visual morbidity in the paediatric and adult populations. Defined by involuntary, rhythmic, to-and-fro eye movements, this condition may manifest as an isolated anomaly or harbour more serious ocular or systemic pathologies. Its presence often provides vital diagnostic clues, emphasizing the importance of thorough evaluation…

Utility of Swept-Source Anterior-Segment OCT as an In-Office Biomarker for Early Childhood GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: A noninvasive imaging tool, SS-ASOCT can be used to assess the anterior chamber angles in children. The findings suggest the use of SS-ASOCT offers the potential for distinguishing early-onset childhood glaucoma from other conditions. No visibility of the TM structure was the most specific sign for glaucomatous eyes in this relatively small…

Comparative study of intraocular pressure variation among healthy and diabetic individualsCONCLUSION: The study rules out the risk factors for raised IOP in general & diabetic population. Thus, emphasizing the need for meticulous ocular care in diabetic individuals.

Isopropyl Alcohol in Bleb Revision: A Novel Approach for Aesthetic and Functional SuccessBACKGROUND Overhanging filtering blebs (OFB) are a known complication of trabeculectomy, leading to visual disturbances, discomfort, and cosmetic concerns. Their management remains challenging, with high recurrence rates despite surgical interventions. This case report presents the clinical course, management, and outcome of an 18-year-old woman with an OFB who underwent bleb revision incorporating isopropyl alcohol as…

Masquerade Syndrome Revealing a Vitreous Metastasis from Adenosquamous Lung Carcinoma in a Patient Treated with PembrolizumabCONCLUSION: Masquerade syndrome uveitis can may delay diagnosis and worsen outcomes. In case of failure of anti-inflammatory treatment, a cytological analysis should be conducted to confirm a tumoral origin.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) and the (non-glaucomatous) optic nerveOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a non-invasive, reliable, repeatable exam. As opposed to fluorescein angiography, OCTA allows analysis of the capillary bed without interference from diffusion phenomena. It is now widely used for both the diagnosis and ongoing care of retinal and choroidal diseases. However, its use is still limited for evaluation of the…

Bilateral Sturge-Weber syndrome with soft tissue hypertrophy and trichomegalySturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), also known as encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, is a rare congenital neurocutaneous syndrome characterised by a triad of cutaneous, ocular and central nervous system findings. In the majority of the patients, it manifests as unilateral facial port-wine stain (PWS), which is a capillary malformation frequently affecting the first branch (ophthalmic division) of the trigeminal…

Efficacy and Tolerability of Single-Dose Timolol Eye Drops in the Sequential Treatment of Acute Angle-Closure Crisis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled TrialPURPOSE: To observe and compare the efficacy of timolol eye drops in sequential treatment of acute angle-closure crisis (AACC).

Sustained intraocular pressure-lowering effect and biocompatibility of a single subconjunctival administration of hydrogel-encapsulated nano-brinzolamideBrinzolamide is a widely used treatment for glaucoma, but its effectiveness relies on at least twice-daily dosing, which can be challenging for patient adherence. To overcome this limitation, we developed an injectable hydrogel-based delivery system designed to maintain therapeutic drug levels with a single administration. This approach aims to simplify treatment and improve clinical outcomes.…

The safety and effectiveness of optometrist-delivered selective laser trabeculoplastyCONCLUSION: Optometrists delivered a safe and effective selective laser trabeculoplasty treatment with low rates of adverse events. Inter-optometrist differences in success rates were identified that require further elucidation.

Proposal of the Glaucoma Etiology Complex (GEC): A Structured Framework for Understanding the Multifactorial Nature of GlaucomaThe Glaucoma Etiology Complex (GEC) is a conceptual framework encompassing all elements involved in the pathophysiology of glaucoma. Glaucoma is no longer understood as a disease driven solely by intraocular pressure; instead, it is increasingly recognized as a complex condition influenced by ocular, systemic, genetic, vascular, and lifestyle-related factors. The nine components of the GEC…

Posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens adjustment-causes and complications: a retrospective cohort studyCONCLUSION: With a high safety profile and reversibility, ICL implantation is a good alternative to corneal-based refractive surgery in eyes unsuitable for laser vision correction. The rate of secondary procedures in our study was 6.26%. Old age is a risk factor for secondary surgical interventions in the repositioning group, whereas abnormal vault and toric ICL…

Neurocutaneous features of tuberous sclerosis complex: A case report from BangladeshRATIONALE: A rare autosomal dominant disorder, tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), presents with various symptoms from the beginning. It is characterized by neurological signs such as epilepsy, skin abnormalities, and the development of benign lesions in several organs. This study reviews the literature on different clinical and imaging presentations of TSC and treatment options. Additionally, we…

Medical and surgical treatment management in open angle glaucoma patients of Asian descent: A narrative reviewGlaucoma represents a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by optic nerve head damage, retinal nerve fiber layer thinning and visual field loss. There are significant disparities in the diagnosis, disease progression and treatment outcomes of glaucoma patients. Primary open angle glaucoma (OAG) patients of African descent have been found to have earlier and more severe disease…

PRESERFLO MicroShunt as a treatment option for highly increased intraocular pressure in primary open angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliation glaucomaCONCLUSION: PF appears to be a suitable option for managing both highly and moderately increased IOP levels in POAG and PXG eyes, with comparable outcomes up to 12 months following surgery.

Postoperative amblyopia in children with congenital cataracts: a systematic review and meta-analysisThis systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of amblyopia following congenital cataract surgery in children and evaluate key prognostic factors, including age at intervention, cataract phenotype, and follow-up duration. We systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between January 1, 1981, and March 1, 2023. We included clinical…

A novel 5bp deletion in <em>HPS4</em> gene associates with Hermansky-Pudlak SyndromeCONCLUSION: The identified pathogenic variant from this study emphasizes the importance of genetic analysis for accurate clinical diagnosis, management, and genetic diversity of HPS. To the best of our knowledge, this novel variant identified in the HPS4 gene causing Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome is the first report deletion variant from the Indian population. Our findings will facilitate…

Comparison of trabeculectomy and gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy results in long eyes with open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSION: In eyes with long AL, the requirement for antiglaucoma medications is reduced in the first three months following trabeculectomy compared to GATT. Although the overall success rate was similar in both groups, the complete success rates of criteria A, B and C were higher in the trabeculectomy group. GATT may be considered an alternative…

The relationship between glaucoma and an electronic frailty index with the cumulative incidence of healthcare encounters for falls and fractures in older adultsCONCLUSIONS: Glaucoma patients were more likely to be frail or pre-frail based on an EHR-derived index than glaucoma suspects. Both pre-frailty and frailty were associated with increased cumulative risk of injurious falls or fractures but there was no interaction of frailty with glaucoma. Frailty based on the eFI was better at discriminating who is at…

Prevalence of glaucoma and characteristics of ocular manifestations in patients with Naevus of OtaCONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of glaucoma in Naevus of Ota is low, patients with ocular melanocytosis or oculodermal melanocytosis are at greater risk of ocular hypertension and suspected glaucoma than are those with skin-only hyperpigmentation. Targeted screening, particularly in younger individuals and those requiring examination under general anaesthesia, should be considered. The main limitation of…

Intraocular pressure is a promising target for myopia controlCONCLUSIONS: Our findings highlight that pressure-dependent scleral remodeling contributes to the deceleration of AL elongation. These results underscore the efficacy of IOP reduction in mitigating the progression of myopia, providing a promising alternative strategy for myopia management.

Influence of tamoxifen on ocular morphology and functionCONCLUSION: According to this study, tamoxifen intake influences corneal thickness and perimetry, which are two parameters associated with glaucoma development. Regular ophthalmological glaucoma controls could be useful in tamoxifen patients, especially if glaucoma is already known.

Analysis of Standard Automated Visual Field Tests in Glaucoma and the Role of Facial ContourCONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the potential utility of 60-4 visual fields for identifying early functional glaucomatous changes that may not be detected by more central visual field tests (10-2 or 30-2). It may be important to consider peripheral visual field defects, which can be affected by facial contour, in the diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma,…

Spectrum of Ophthalmic Manifestations in Patients With Transfusion-Dependent ThalassemiaCONCLUSION: Ophthalmic manifestations such as refractive errors, vascular tortuosity, pigmentation near the optic disc, and disc edema are common findings in thalassemia patients. This comprehensive study highlights the importance of regular ophthalmic evaluations in TDT patients, emphasizing the need for an interdisciplinary approach that includes hematologists and ophthalmologists. Early detection and management of ophthalmic complications…

Association Between Long-Term Metformin Use and Risk of Open-Angle Glaucoma in Patients With Diabetes MellitusCONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a moderate protective effect on the risk of open-angle glaucoma at lower cumulative metformin dosages. A dose-dependent effect was not observed.

SCONe: a community-acquired retinal image repository enabling ocular, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease predictionCONCLUSIONS: The SCONe retinal image repository has been successfully established. We believe it offers enormous potential to support research into earlier detection of disease.

French protocol for diagnosis and management of type 1 interferonopathiesType I interferonopathies are rare genetic diseases characterised by excessive production or signalling of type I interferons (IFN-I), which are key cytokines in the antiviral response. These conditions lead to inappropriate activation of IFN-I pathway, even in the absence of viral stimulation. Over thirty monogenic conditions have been identified, with Aicardi-Goutières syndrome being the most…

A case report: iridociliary melanocytoma associated with secondary glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: This case underscores the importance of obtaining adequate tumor specimens for accurate diagnosis via FNAB in iris and ciliary body tumors. Additionally, for patients with secondary glaucoma, partial iridocyclectomy emerges as a promising intervention, addressing anterior chamber angle obstruction to alleviate IOP while facilitating histopathological diagnosis for subsequent management.

In Vivo Optical Coherence Tomography Outcomes of Hypotony After Trabeculectomy Management with Autologous Blood Injection: A Single-Center Retrospective StudyBackground: This study aimed to report the efficacy and safety of peribleb autologous blood injections in patients with hypotony maculopathy following trabeculectomy. Methods: In this retrospective chart-review study, patients with hypotony maculopathy from over-filtering bleb following mitomycin C (MMC)-augmented trabeculectomy treated with ≥1 peribleb autologous blood injections, ≥12 months of follow-up, and macula optical coherence…

Clinical Applications of the Cone Contrast Test in Ophthalmology and NeurologyColor vision is a critical aspect of human visual perception, yet traditional assessments often lack quantitative precision. The Rabin Cone Contrast Test and its successors offer objective, standardized measurements of cone-specific contrast sensitivity. These tests improve the detection and classification of color vision deficiencies and can facilitate the monitoring of color vision deficits in inherited…

Advances in Choroid-Glaucoma Structural-Functional Correlations Using swept-source optical coherence tomographyThe choroid is a highly vascularized tissue that provides the main blood flow supply, mostly oxygen and nutrients, to the retina. The choroid is thought to play an important role in the progression of glaucoma because of its special structure and rich blood flow. However, the exact mechanism remains unclear due to limitations in research…

Changes in corneal higher-order aberrations following PreserFlo MicroShunt implantationIn this retrospective study, we evaluated changes in corneal higher-order aberrations (HOAs) after PreserFlo MicroShunt (PFM) implantation and examined factors associated with the outcomes. We included 101 PFM implantations performed between February 2023 and June 2024. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure, corneal HOAs, and coma-like and spherical aberrations were analyzed preoperatively, at 1 week, and at…

Association of Maternal Exposure to Fine Particulate Matter During Pregnancy with Anterior Segment Dysgenesis Risk: A Matched Case-Control StudyBackground/Objectives: To assess the association of residential-level maternal particulate matter of 2.5 μm diameter or less (PM(2.5)) exposure during pregnancy with anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) risk. Methods: This study used data from children diagnosed with ASD (i.e., aniridia, iris hypoplasia, Peters anomaly, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, or primary congenital glaucoma) by an experienced pediatric ophthalmologist at a…

Multifaceted behavioral interventions to improve topical glaucoma therapy adherence in adults RATIONALE: Glaucoma is a leading cause of vision loss and blindness, characterized by optic nerve damage and commonly by increased intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical medical therapy is the most common first-line treatment option, yet adherence to these medications is notably low. Improving medication adherence is critical for managing glaucoma effectively.

Assessing Tear Secretory Response in Health and Disease Using a Novel i-Onion Device CONCLUSION: The i-Onion device demonstrated that TRV was preserved in elderly individuals with glaucoma and cataract, despite decreased BTV with age and disease.

Proteome cargo and functional heterogeneity of extracellular vesicles derived from stem cells and differentiated cells of human trabecular meshworkCONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive protein profiling of TMSC-derived sEV, demonstrating the presence of functional proteins and their capacity to regulate the MAPK and PI3K-AKT signaling pathways in the recipient TM cells. This highlights the potential of TMSC sEV in advancing cell-free therapeutic strategies for POAG in future.

3D traction force microscopy in human trabecular meshwork tissues: Effects of ROCK and YAP/TAZ inhibition in normal and glaucomatous tissuesPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with an estimated 112 million people projected to be affected by 2040. The primary risk factor for POAG is elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), which is primarily driven by increased resistance to aqueous humor outflow through the conventional outflow pathway. Despite its prevalence, the…

Advanced Age Worsens Phenotypes of Ocular Hypertension in MiceGlaucoma is a neurodegenerative disorder of the optic nerve and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and a major cause of blindness. The two most important risk factors for glaucoma are ocular hypertension (OHT) and advanced age. In this study, we explored the combined impact of aging and OHT on retinal neuronal and microvasculature health. We induced…

Application of advanced diffusion MRI based tractometry of the visual pathway in glaucoma: a systematic reviewCONCLUSIONS: This review enhances our understanding of WM changes in glaucoma and highlights the potential for dMRI tractometry as a promising tool for early detection and monitoring of the disease. By quantifying WM changes, tractometry offers valuable insights not only into the visual pathway but also into brain regions affected by glaucoma. This could lead…

High burden of blindness at initial hospitalisation with primary angle-closure glaucoma in a national multicentre study in ChinaCONCLUSIONS: In China, two out of every five PACG patients presenting for initial hospitalisation experienced blindness in at least one eye. Efforts to reduce this burden should focus on improving diagnostic and treatment services at city-level facilities in rural settings while focusing on older patients presenting with higher IOP.

Diagnosis of Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Mental Health StatusCONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: These findings support the need for further studies to confirm the association between POAG diagnosis and a decrease in mental health score and to develop strategies to inform patients about their POAG diagnosis without producing undue distress, anxiety, and depression.

Open-angle glaucoma: Who is affected and what are the risk factors?Open-angle glaucoma is one of the main causes of visual impairment and blindness worldwide and also in Germany. Because open-angle glaucoma involves the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells and their axons, which results in irreversible visual field and visual acuity impairments, early detection of the disease is crucial. This article presents and evaluates the…

Association Between Long-Term Ambient Air Pollution and Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Nationwide Cohort Study in TaiwanCONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollution is significantly associated with an increased risk of POAG. These findings highlight the critical need for further research and public health interventions to mitigate this risk, particularly in regions with high pollution levels.

Research Progress in Drug Development Based on Functional Molecules Involved in Pathogenesis and Analysis of Their MechanismsOcular diseases that result in blindness impair the QOL of patients as well as cause significant socioeconomic losses. Glaucoma is the leading cause of blindness, followed by retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Although the pathogeneses of these ocular diseases differ, they are all retinal diseases that lead to blindness owing to…

Incidence and Prevalence of Scleritis Subtypes and Associated Ocular Complications in the TriNetX DatabaseCONCLUSIONS: Demographics and comorbidities of the TriNetX scleritis cohort were similar to scleritis cohorts in previous studies. However, the overall scleritis incidence rate was higher when compared to the previous literature, with varying yearly incidence and prevalence scleritis subtype rates. Further research is needed to assess for the increasing incidence of low vision over time.

Prevalence of Visual Impairment and Associated Factors among Adult Glaucoma Patients Attending Tertiary Eye Care Center in Gondar, Ethiopia, 2022CONCLUSION: The results of this study showed that visual impairment was significantly higher in adult glaucoma patients. Female gender, rural residence, primary open-angle glaucoma, advanced stage glaucoma, and longer duration of diagnosis were significantly associated with visual impairment in adult glaucoma patients.

Beacon of Hope for Age-Related Retinopathy: Antioxidative Mechanisms and Pre-Clinical Trials of Quercetin TherapyAge-related retinopathy is one of the leading causes of visual impairment and irreversible blindness, characterized by progressive neuronal and myelin loss. The damages caused by oxidation contributes to the hallmarks of aging and represents fundamental components in pathological pathways that are thought to drive multiple age-related retinopathies. Quercetin (Que), a natural polyphenol abundant in vegetables,…

Automated Early-Stage Glaucoma Detection Using a Robust Concatenated AI ModelGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide; therefore, detection of this disease in its early stage is crucial. However, previous efforts to identify early-stage glaucoma have faced challenges, including insufficient accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. This study presents a concatenated artificial intelligence model that combines two types of input features: fundus images and quantitative…

Artificial Intelligence in Glaucoma: Advances in Diagnosis, Progression Forecasting, and Surgical Outcome PredictionGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, with challenges persisting in early diagnosis, disease progression, and surgical outcome prediction. Recent advances in artificial intelligence have enabled significant progress by extracting clinically relevant patterns from structural, functional, and molecular data. This review outlines the current applications of artificial intelligence in glaucoma care, including early detection…

Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10: Therapeutic Agents for Glial Activation Reduction in Ocular HypertensionBackground/Objectives: The loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of glaucoma, a major cause of blindness. Glial cell activation due to increased intraocular pressure (IOP) significantly contributes to RGC death. Therefore, substances with anti-inflammatory properties could help prevent that process. This study investigated whether combining Citicoline and Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) can reduce glial…

Unraveling the Mechanisms, Clinical Impact, Comparisons, and Safety Profiles of Slow-Release Therapies in GlaucomaGlaucoma, a primary cause of irreversible blindness, is most effectively managed by reducing intraocular pressure (IOP). Topical eye drops, which are conventional treatments, frequently encounter constraints regarding patient compliance, inconsistent dosage, and tolerability. Slow-release drug delivery systems have emerged as a promising innovation in response to these challenges. The objective of these systems is to…

Development of a Liposome Nanoformulation for the Delivery of Lipoic Acid as a Potential Neuroprotective Therapy in GlaucomaBackground/Objectives: Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and oxidative stress is considered to play a key role in its development. While antioxidants offer a promising approach to mitigating oxidative stress, their clinical application is often hindered by bioavailability and absorption challenges. Entrapment antioxidants within liposomes may overcome these issues, enhancing their stability…

Lifestyle Modification as Complementary Medicine in Glaucoma ManagementGlaucoma, a multifactorial disease, currently leads the causes of irreversible blindness globally, with complex underlying pathophysiology. For a long time, decreasing intraocular pressure (IOP) has remained the desired primary outcome for each modality of glaucoma management-medical, laser, or surgical. However, the understanding of non-IOP-dependent mechanisms and the identification of additional risk factors affecting optic nerve…

Eye-Tracking Algorithm for Early Glaucoma Detection: Analysis of Saccadic Eye Movements in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaGlaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, with early detection crucial for preventing vision loss. This study developed and validated a novel eye-tracking algorithm to detect oculomotor abnormalities in primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). We conducted a case-control study (March-June 2021), recruiting 16 patients with moderate POAG, 16 with preperimetric POAG, and 16 age-matched…

PEST Proteolysis Signals Containing Nuclear Protein Related Proteins in Eye and Eye Diseases:A ReviewThe human visual system is a critical component for understanding the world around us, but it is affected by various eye conditions that lead to visual impairments. More than 2.2 billion people worldwide suffer from vision problems such as macular degeneration, refractive errors, cataracts, and glaucoma. In the field of iridology, essential proteins for maintaining…

Leveraging Alzheimer's Disease Omics to Identify Pleiotropic Genes Contributing to Neurodegeneration in Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaPrimary open-angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma worldwide and one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness. Current therapies focus on intraocular pressure control despite substantial evidence on the importance of additional pathogenic mechanisms involved in neuronal repair and regeneration. Some of these mechanisms may be shared with and across other neurodegenerative…

The Association Between Sensory Impairment and Adherence to COVID-19 Prevention Measures in the Adult California Health Interview Survey PopulationThis study explores the association between vision/hearing impairment and COVID-19 prevention strategies in the 2020 and 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS). This cross-sectional study used data from the 2020 and 2021 CHIS. The exposure of interest was self-reported history of sensory impairment. The outcome of interest was adherence to COVID-19 mitigation strategies defined as…

A deep learning model integrating domain-specific features for enhanced glaucoma diagnosisGlaucoma is a group of serious eye diseases that can cause incurable blindness. Despite the critical need for early detection, over 60% of cases remain undiagnosed, especially in less developed regions. Glaucoma diagnosis is a costly task and some models have been proposed to automate diagnosis based on images of the retina, specifically the area…

Screening recommendations for glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration and diabetic eye diseasesCONCLUSION: There are established screening programs for DED that are financed by the SHI; however, there are AWMF recommendations for glaucoma but no SHI-financed screening programs and there are still no AWMF screening recommendations for AMD. Whether and to what extent screening programs are used by the respective target populations should be further investigated in…

Protein misfolding and mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucomaGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure caused by restricted outflow of the aqueous humor leads to the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Emerging evidence suggests that pathological mechanisms relating to protein folding and mitochondrial dysfunction are significant factors in the disease onset of different types…

Inhibition of VE-PTP rejuvenates Schlemm's canal in aged mice and acts via Tie2CONCLUSION: Interference with VE-PTP function improves SC function in a strictly Tie2 dependent way and pharmacologic inhibition of VE-PTP with AKB9778 is a promising approach for improving SC function in the aged eye.

Caspase-mediated pathways in retinal ganglion cell injury: a novel therapeutic target for glaucomaGlaucoma is a complex disease of the optic nerve leading to vision loss and blindness, with high worldwide incidence and disproportionate prevalence in older populations. Primary open-angle glaucoma, caused by a reduction in outflow of aqueous humor through the trabecular meshwork, is the most common subset of the disease, though its underlying molecular mechanisms are…

From Tooth to Vision: A Decade of Breakthroughs in Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis (OOKP) and Modified OOKP-Global Insights into Surgical Techniques, Outcomes, and Pioneering ResearchCONCLUSIONS: Despite its complexity, OOKP continues to evolve through surgical and material innovations, reflecting a sustained global commitment to improving visual outcomes in patients with otherwise untreatable corneal blindness. The continuous refinement of this technique holds promise for expanding its accessibility and success worldwide, paving the way for future advancements in keratoprosthesis surgery.

Prevalence of Vision Loss in High-Income Countries and in Eastern and Central Europe in 2020: Magnitude and Temporal TrendsCONCLUSIONS: Age-standardized prevalence of blindness and MSVI have further decreased in HIC and Eastern/Central Europe (except for high-income North America with an increase).

Microglia remodeling in the visual thalamus of the DBA/2J mouse model of glaucomaMicroglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system and mediate a broad array of adaptations during disease, injury, and development. Typically, microglia morphology is understood to provide a window into their function and microglia have the capacity to adopt a broad spectrum of functional phenotypes characterized by numerous morphologies and gene expression…

TLR4 deficiency does not alter glaucomatous progression in a mouse model of chronic glaucomaGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a pattern-recognition transmembrane receptor that induces neuroinflammatory processes in response to injury. Tlr4 is highly expressed in ocular tissues and is known to modulate inflammatory processes in both anterior and posterior segment tissues. TLR4 activation can lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and…

Gene Therapy in Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Macular Edema: An UpdateDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of preventable blindness worldwide. It is characterized by a spectrum of disease that spans mild non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) all the way to neovascular glaucoma and tractional retinal detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). Most eyes with DR remain asymptomatic unless vision-threatening complications, such as…

Rekindling Vision: Innovative Strategies for Treating Retinal DegenerationRetinal degeneration, characterized by the progressive loss of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium cells, and/or ganglion cells, is a leading cause of vision impairment. These diseases are generally classified as inherited (e.g., retinitis pigmentosa, Stargardt disease) or acquired (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma) ocular disorders that can lead to blindness. Available treatment options focus…