Glaucoma

The Application of a Deep Learning Algorithm for the Segmentation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Across Different Optic Neuropathies CONCLUSIONS: RNFL-Net can accurately segment RNFL, whereas standard OCT devices produce lower measurements, especially in disc edema.

Enhanced Sensitivity of Real-Time Intraocular Pressure Monitoring by Integration of a Wrinkled Gold-Based Capacitive Sensor with Parity-Time Symmetry Wireless Technology Glaucoma is an ophthalmic condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to the obstruction of aqueous humor flow in the anterior chamber of the eye. This condition can damage the optic nerve, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, real-time monitoring of IOP is essential for preventing glaucoma and other ophthalmic diseases. A smart soft contact…

Acupuncture in the treatment of inflammation-related ocular degenerations: a systematic review CONCLUSION: There is no conclusive evidence to support that acupuncture is an effective therapy in patients with inflammation-related ocular degeneration disease.

Integrating single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of retinal cells during ischemia-reperfusion injury progression in rats No abstract

Effect of Oral Opioid Prescription on Rates of Postoperative Pain among Ophthalmology Subspecialties: A Large Database Analysis CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative opioid prescriptions were associated with small absolute reductions in pain diagnoses in selected subspecialties, including cornea, glaucoma, oculoplastics, and trauma, but not cataract, retina, or strabismus. Opioid prescriptions offered no consistent benefit in reducing ER visits and were linked to higher ER visit rates in some subspecialties. These findings highlight the limited clinical…

Establishing Consensus on the Appropriate Tool for Measuring Adherence to Glaucoma Medication in a Sub-Saharan African Population: A Multidisciplinary Delphi-Based Study CONCLUSIONS: The GTCAT-S was identified as the most suitable tool for measuring non-adherence to glaucoma medication. It demonstrated a high SCVI and excellent inter-rater reliability, indicating strong consensus among experts and robust measurement consistency.

Comparison of Deep Learning Tools for Optic Nerve Axon Quantification Finds Limited Generalizability on Independent Validation CONCLUSIONS: Deep learning models for optic nerve histology demonstrate strong within-study performance but show meaningful performance decrements when applied to independent datasets. The observed generalizability gap (correlations 0.07 to 0.182 points below published values) demonstrates the need for standardized validation datasets and multi-center testing before widespread adoption of these tools.

rAAV prostaglandin-based gene therapy lowers intraocular pressure and preserves optic nerve health in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) affects approximately 57.5 million individuals worldwide and is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and irreversible optic nerve damage resulting from chronic ocular hypertension. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only major modifiable risk factor in OAG and clinical treatments necessarily aim to lower IOP in order to preserve…

Neuritin1 <em>Cis</em> -Regulatory Elements Enable Gene Expression Preferentially in Retinal Ganglion Cells CONCLUSION: The Nrn1 PEC enables efficient and injury-resilient gene expression in RGCs, addressing a key limitation in cell-specific targeting. This AAV-incorporated PEC offers a robust platform for evaluating neuroprotective interventions and accelerates translational development of gene therapies for glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Leaking Bleb After 50 Years of Historical Iridencleisis Surgery: A Case Report We describe a case of historical iridencleisis surgery in a patient who initially presented to our hospital with leaking blebs, presumed to be secondary to trabeculectomy. The patient was a 70-year-old male with a history of an uncertain glaucoma surgery performed on his left eye at 18 years of age (1973). At presentation, his intraocular…

The impact of polycystic ovarian syndrome on ocular health ImportanceOcular manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), particularly related to elevated testosterone, are understudied.ObjectiveTo evaluate prevalence and odds of ocular diseases in PCOS patients using large-scale electronic health records (EHRs).DesignCross-sectional study comparing females aged 15-50 with PCOS (n = 494,557) to two controls: total female population (n = 32,162,331) and BMI ≥30 (n = 4,895,226),…

Effect of micropulse trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) on aqueous humour dynamics in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension: an observational study CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that MP-TSCPC reduces IOP primarily through decreased aqueous humour production, with no discernible impact on outflow pathways. These findings refine the understanding of MP-TSCPC's mechanism of action, highlighting its potential as a safe and effective treatment for glaucoma and OHT. Future studies should explore ways to enhance efficacy and long-term outcomes.

Pulsed synchrony regulation of intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure: a novel paradigm for glaucoma pathogenesis and treatment Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a core risk factor, the pathogenesis of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) remains unclear, as static IOP is within the normal range. Based on circadian fluctuations of IOP and…

Correction: Microneedle loaded with luteolin-colostrum-derived exosomes: a dropless approach for treatment of glaucoma No abstract

Smoking and Risk of Vision Threatening Complications: A Global Database Analysis CONCLUSION: Smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of multiple vision-threatening ocular diseases. These findings highlight the need for ophthalmologists and public health professionals to incorporate smoking history into risk stratification and screening programs and to emphasize ocular health during smoking cessation counseling.

Predicting Visual Outcomes in Congenital Posterior Lens Opacities: A Deep Learning Model Using Ultra-Widefield Fundus Images CONCLUSIONS: The LOPS on UWF fundus images can be accurately segmented by DL model. A dense-SODR ≤14.0 is associated with optimal visual outcomes, offering a novel, valuable predictor for visual outcomes in CPLO.

Bleb Revision Using an L-shaped Conjunctival Flap Posterior to the Limbus in Eyes With Bleb Failure After PreserFlo MicroShunt Implantation Bleb fibrosis is a major cause of early surgical failure after PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation. Although needling is commonly attempted as first-line management, its effectiveness may be limited in cases with dense Tenon's encapsulation. The optimal surgical approach for open revision has not been well defined. This case series presents four consecutive eyes with bleb failure…

Development and physicochemical evaluation of a gelatine-based hydrogel tube for potential use in veterinary glaucoma implants CONCLUSION: These studies have shown that the implant could potentially provide a solution for minimally invasive glaucoma treatment in small animals, but the testing phase must be continued.

Trends of Eye and Adnexa-Related Hospital Admissions in Lebanon: An Epidemiological Retrospective Study CONCLUSION: There was an increasing trend in eye and adnexa-related hospital admissions in Lebanon from 2006 to 2019, with notable gender disparities and shifts in the primary causes of hospitalization. These findings highlight the importance of continuous monitoring and intervention strategies to address the evolving healthcare needs related to eye and adnexal diseases in Lebanon…

Neuritin1 Cis-Regulatory Elements Enable Gene Expression Preferentially in Retinal Ganglion Cells CONCLUSIONS: The Nrn1-PEC enables efficient and injury-resilient gene expression in RGCs, addressing a key limitation in cell-specific targeting. This AAV-incorporated PEC offers a robust platform for evaluating neuroprotective interventions and accelerates the translational development of gene therapies for glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Intumescent cataract and phacomorphic glaucoma: Role of posterior dry vitrectomy in surgical management No abstract

Splinter hemorrhage associated with myelinated nerve fiber layer in advanced glaucoma No abstract

Atropine induces narrowing of the superior and inferior iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in normal horse eyes CONCLUSIONS: Atropine causes narrowing of the superior and inferior ICA and CC in normal horse eyes.

Intraocular pressure induced blood retinal barrier compromise in mouse models and human glaucoma The integrity of the blood-retinal barrier remains largely unexplored in glaucoma. Here we show that elevated intraocular pressure partially compromises the blood-retinal barrier in three distinct mouse models of glaucoma. This compromise induces subtle leakage without bleeding or detectable disruption of endothelial cell junctions and precedes neurodegeneration. Leakage occurs from peripheral veins in the retinal…

Cost-effectiveness of Stepwise Eye Drop Strategies for Open-Angle Glaucoma: A Markov Model Analysis From the Japanese Healthcare Perspective CONCLUSIONS: For brand-name drugs, latanoprost followed by timolol or a timolol-first strategy with dorzolamide were the most cost-effective. For generics, starting with latanoprost or timolol, and following fixed combinations, were cost-effective. A timolol-first strategy followed by dorzolamide was cost-effective for brand-name drugs but not for generics.

Intracameral antibiotic prophylaxis and surgical expertise: key determinants in endophthalmitis after cataract surgery No abstract

A hypothetical circadian‒endocrine pathway linking melanopsin-expressing ipRGC dysfunction in autoimmune retinopathy to sexual dysfunction CONCLUSION: This interdisciplinary framework integrates ocular immunology, circadian biology, and sexual medicine to highlight a potentially overlooked systemic dimension of AIR. Future studies are warranted to evaluate ipRGC integrity and circadian-endocrine markers in AIR patients and validate this conceptual pathway.

Emotional and Caregiver Burden in Adults with Glaucoma-Related Blindness at a Chinese Tertiary Center CONCLUSION: Glaucoma-related blindness imposes significant psychological and functional burdens on patients and caregivers, with evidence of emotional contagion. Effective control of intraocular pressure and mental health support for caregivers are critical to reducing caregiver burden.

MaxGRNet: A multi-axis vision transformer with improved generalization for eye disease classification using explainable AI with insertion-deletion operations on fundus images Eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and cataracts, represent a major global health concern and can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if not identified in a timely manner. This study proposes a novel eye disease classification framework based on a multi-axis vision transformer (MaxViT) applied to color fundus images with Explainable Artificial…

World Sight Day 2025 at Dr. Sumait Hospital, Mogadishu, Somalia: Meeting Report of a Community Eye Screening and Expert Panel World Sight Day 2025 ("Love Your Eyes") was marked at Dr. Sumait Hospital, SIMAD University, Mogadishu, Somalia, on 9 October 2025 through the "Every Eye Counts" forum, combining invited talks, an expert panel discussion, and a free community eye screening. Screening included registration and brief history, presenting visual acuity assessment (with pinhole where indicated), anterior…

Risk factors for secondary cataract CONCLUSION: The main independent risk factors for posterior capsule opacification identified in this study were exfoliation syndrome, age-related cataract, white cataract, and ciliary sulcus implantation. Awareness of these factors enables targeted prevention, which may explain the current decline in secondary cataract incidence.

Microvascular Changes in Exfoliation Syndrome: OCT Angiography Analysis of Peripapillary Density and Foveal Avascular Zone CONCLUSION: Pseudoexfoliation is associated with widespread macular and peripapillary microvascular compromise, supporting its bilateral nature even in clinically asymmetric cases.

Hemorrhagic serous choroidal detachment following micropulse transscleral cyclophotocoagulation in refractory glaucoma No abstract

Evaluating the Efficacy of a Novel Triangle Suture Technique in Scleral-Fixation of Intraocular Lens CONCLUSION: The triangle suture technique is a versatile and accessible option for scleral fixation of various IOL designs. While these preliminary results demonstrate anatomical efficacy, the study's retrospective nature, small cohort, and single-surgeon experience necessitate a cautious interpretation. Further large-scale, comparative studies are required to establish long-term stability and clinical efficacy relative to current gold-standard…

Real-time intraocular pressure monitoring and responsive drug release in preclinical models by an all-polymer smart contact lens Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, yet conventional topical therapies are often hampered by poor patient adherence, and standard in-office applanation tonometry captures only static measurements, failing to capture the dynamic nature of intraocular pressure (IOP). Smart contact lenses have emerged as promising tools for home-based, real-time IOP monitoring and feedback-guided therapy;…

Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of Glaucoma in a Sub-Saharan African Population: A Case-Control Study CONCLUSIONS: Age, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, myopia, and elevated IOP were key risk factors. Targeted screening and regular eye examinations among high-risk individuals may facilitate earlier detection and help prevent or delay progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

Mitochondria Transplantation Preserves Retinal Ganglion Cells and Promotes CNS Axonal Regeneration Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central driver of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathies, leading to irreversible blindness. Here, we demonstrate that replenishing the mitochondrial pool through exogenous mitochondrial transplantation ("mitotherapy") in adult mice not only preserves neuronal survival but also promotes regenerative competence in the central nervous system…

Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs in feline diffuse iris melanoma CONCLUSION: Based on clinical evaluation, the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis was correct in 85.07% of all cats with high sensitivity and low specificity. The strongest predictor of a correct clinical diagnosis of FDIM was iris thickening.

Puerarin exerts a protective effect by alleviating the inflammatory response through inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling pathway in a rat model of glaucoma Glaucoma is an irreversible, blinding eye disease with limited treatment options. Puerarin has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects; however, its glaucoma-related mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to explore whether puerarin eases inflammation in a rat model of glaucoma and protects the optic nerve by inhibiting NF-κB pathway. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in glaucoma were screened…

Mechanisms Contributing to Inhibition of Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis by AMPK in Experimental Glaucoma AMPK is AMP-activated protein kinase that plays a major role in regulating energy metabolism. AMPK has attracted widespread interest as a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. However, its effects on glaucoma remain unclear. Here, we established the oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery (OGD/R) model and retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) model to simulate the glaucomatous injury. Our results…

IL-17 in Ocular Fibrosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Precision Therapeutics Pathological fibrosis is a major cause of irreversible vision loss, yet effective antifibrotic therapies remain limited. Emerging evidence implicates interleukin-17 (IL-17) as an important immunomodulatory contributor linking chronic inflammation with aberrant tissue remodeling in the eye. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms by which IL-17 participates in fibrogenic processes, including its interaction…

One-Year Efficacy of OMNI Canaloplasty With and Without Additional Hydrus Microstent During Cataract Surgery CONCLUSION: Combining canaloplasty with a microstent did not yield statistically significant improvements in surgical success, IOP reduction, medication use, or safety outcomes at one year compared to standalone canaloplasty. This suggests that for patients undergoing CS with concurrent canaloplasty, the addition of a microstent may not confer substantial long-term clinical benefit. Small cohort size and…

Baseline risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma in a 12-year glaucoma incidence study: the Thessaloniki Eye Study CONCLUSION: Increased IOP, PEX, increased vertical c/d ratio, family history of glaucoma, history of heart attack and BP ≤140/90 increased the risk for incident OAG. Increased hours of sleep and alcohol consumption were inversely associated with the development of incident glaucoma.

Analysis of refractive outcomes and related factors in combined filtering surgery with Toric Lens implantation PurposeTo evaluate refractive outcomes and associated factors in patients undergoing combined filtering glaucoma surgery (trabeculectomy or non-penetrating deep sclerectomy (NPDS)) and cataract extraction with toric intraocular lens implantation.DesignProspective consecutive case series.MethodsThis prospective case series included 43 eyes of 32 patients with preoperative corneal astigmatism ≥ 0.75 diopters (D) and moderate-to-severe open-angle glaucoma. Patients underwent trabeculectomy…

Comparison of micropulse and continuous-wave transscleral cyclophotocoagulation: a tertiary center experienceCONCLUSION: CW-CPC demonstrated better IOP control with less use of glaucoma drops than MP-CPC. Early retreatment was more common and occurred sooner in the MP-CPC group. Ocular inflammation was more common with CW-CPC, but overall safety parameters were comparable between the 2 groups.

Integrating generative AI and genetic causal inference identifies metformin as a repurposing candidate for normal tension glaucomaThe normal tension glaucoma (NTG) has limited drug options since current antiglaucoma medications are mostly designed to decrease intraocular pressure. The emerging generative artificial intelligence (GAI) may provide an unprecedented approach for the drug repurposing research of NTG. We interacted with three GAI models to offer 20 drug repurposing candidates (DRCs) for NTG. By using…

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Steroid-Induced Glaucoma at a Tertiary Eye Care HospitalCONCLUSION: SIG is a preventable cause of vision loss. Early detection, rational steroid use, regular IOP monitoring, and public education are essential to mitigate this iatrogenic burden.

Ocular Glymphatic System: Its Modulation and Role in Intraocular TumorsThe glymphatic system is a glial-based perivascular network that clears metabolic waste from the central nervous system (CNS), and its dysfunction is related to neurodegenerative disease. This review describes a correlate ocular glymphatic system in the eye and describes how this might relate to ophthalmic diseases. This review article summarizes the published literature on the…

Early Migration of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas Through the Optic Nerve Head Following Silicone Oil RemovalCONCLUSION: Early post-operative gas migration can result in severe and irreversible anatomical and functional outcomes, therefore it is required an urgent gas removal to reduce the possibility of irreversible complications. Unfortunately our case resulted in blindness in the affected eye.

Intraocular Ependymoma in a Child - Case reportCONCLUSION: Although extremely rare, intraocular ependymoma should be included as part of the differential diagnosis of retinal and ciliary body tumors in childhood.

Epiretinal membrane prevalence in asymmetrical pseudoexfoliation glaucoma and its impact on glaucoma monitoring parameters including peripapillary vessel densityNo abstract

Development of Structurally Simplified, Non-azadecalin Glucocorticoid Antagonists which Demonstrate In Vivo ActivityGlucocorticoid receptor antagonists (GR antagonists) are a class of compounds developed to inhibit the activation of the glucocorticoid receptor and they have been used to treat a range of conditions such as Cushing's syndrome, diabetes, glaucoma, and depression. We report herein the discovery and optimization of a series of selective piperazine-based GR antagonists and discuss…

Comparison of surgically induced astigmatism following PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation versus trabeculectomy in Japanese patients with glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: The PMS is an effective surgical option for reducing IOP while minimizing SIA at 3 months postoperatively. By better preserving visual function, the PMS may contribute to improved vision and overall patient satisfaction with the surgical outcomes.

A Study of the Causal Association Between Autoimmune Diseases and Blinding Eye DiseasesCONCLUSION: The study is generally reliable in establishing the causal relationship between AS, SLE, RA, and selective blinding eye illnesses, with the rationale of applying clinical screening techniques and specific intervention strategies.

Serum Alpha-1-Antitrypsin and Folic Acid as Biomarkers for Glaucoma RiskCONCLUSION: Glaucoma is associated with a distinct systemic biochemical pattern characterized by elevated AAT and reduced folate, alongside structural optic nerve damage. The relationship between AAT, folate and RNFL thickness suggests a potential interaction between inflammatory and metabolic pathways in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. These findings highlight AAT and folate as accessible systemic biomarkers warranting further longitudinal…

Anterior Segment, Static and Dynamic Pupillography Changes in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Using Different Types of Topical Antiglaucomatous AgentsCONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the most commonly used antiglaucomatous agents increased ACD and ACA but did not affect other anterior segment structures, such as CCT, CV, or ACV. On the ocular surface, antiglaucomatous agents had significant negative effects. Meibography revealed adverse effects on the eyelids. Both first and mean NCTBUT were shortened. In pupillography,…

Fibrosis-Associated Fluid Biomarkers for Predicting Surgical Outcomes in Glaucoma Surgery: A Systematic ReviewCONCLUSION: Further research, as well as standardized protocols, are essential to establish reliable biomarkers and develop targeted therapies to improve glaucoma surgery success.

Prediction of primary glaucoma: development and validation of multiple machine learning modelsNo abstract

Impact of lidocaine-induced mydriasis on postoperative outcomes in deep sclerectomy: a case reportCONCLUSION: Lidocaine-induced mydriasis can adversely affect the results of a deep sclerectomy. Awareness of this potential complication and careful selection of anesthetic agents are crucial to optimize outcomes in glaucoma surgery.

A dual-responsive CO-releasing nanogel ameliorates retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury by restoring mitochondrial homeostasis and attenuating cGAS-STING pathway activationRetinal ischemia-reperfusion injury (RIRI) represents a central pathological mechanism underlying neurodegeneration in multiple blinding ocular diseases, including glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal vein occlusion. Ischemic stress triggers a surge of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within retinal ganglion cells, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and initiating a vicious cycle of cellular damage. Targeting the regulation of redox…

Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab Combined with Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant Sequential Therapy for Macular Edema Secondary to Non-Ischemic Retinal Vein OcclusionCONCLUSION: Sequential therapy with ranibizumab and dexamethasone implant offers superior clinical efficacy over ranibizumab monotherapy for RVO-ME. This regimen leverages a synergistic mechanism to provide better mid- to long-term visual gains, faster anatomical restoration, and a reduced treatment burden. The safety profile remains favorable with manageable risks.

Spontaneous anterior lens dislocation: case report and surgical managementCONCLUSION: Spontaneous anterior lens dislocation requires early diagnosis and individualized surgical management to ensure safe outcomes and reduce the risk of vision-threatening complications.

Use of Bimatoprost Intracameral Implant for the Treatment of Glaucoma: A Focused Narrative ReviewThe objective of this focused narrative review is to summarize clinical and preclinical evidence on intracameral bimatoprost implants for adults with open-angle glaucoma (OAG) or ocular hypertension (OHT), focusing on comparative efficacy, safety, and adherence-related outcomes. PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar were searched from inception through January 31, 2026, using combinations of the terms bimatoprost implant,…

Extravascular Motion Signal Detected by OCT Angiography Indicates Altered Vascular-Tissue Biomechanical Interactions in GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: We report a novel OCTA EVM signal representing pulsatile tissue displacement caused by the cardiac cycle, most commonly adjacent to arteries, more prominent in EG eyes, and strongly influenced by IOP, which may be indicative of altered biomechanical properties of the vasculature and/or paravascular retinal parenchyma.

Effect of peripapillary atrophy on parameters of the optic nerve head, the peripapillary region and the macula in eyes with myopiaBACKGROUND: To examine the impact of peripapillary atrophy (PPA) on retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL), and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) in non-glaucomatous myopic eyes.

Narrative review: The forgotten side of the coin-Hypotension and nocturnal blood pressure declines in ambulatory monitoringWhile hypertension remains the leading modifiable cardiovascular risk factor, the opposite end of the spectrum-hypotension, particularly during sleep-has received limited attention. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on nocturnal hypotension as assessed by ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM), including its pathophysiological mechanisms, epidemiology, and clinical consequences. Definitions varied markedly, from absolute nocturnal blood pressure (BP)…

Integrating along-tract profiling with fixel-based analysis for tract-specific characterization of white matterA fixel-based analysis (FBA) applied to diffusion MRI data can yield biologically specific and interpretable metrics reflecting the microstructural properties of the brain's white matter fibers. At present, the anatomical interpretation of these metrics is tied to individual fixels, which limits the technique's use for the fine-grained evaluation of along-tract white matter changes, for example…

Integrating clinical and genetic insights in anterior segment dysgenesis with glaucoma: A contemporary reviewPurposeAnterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of congenital ocular malformations resulting from disrupted differentiation of neural crest-derived tissues. These disorders frequently lead to developmental glaucoma, a major cause of childhood blindness. This review summarizes the current clinical, genetic, and management perspectives on ASD associated with glaucoma.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and…

Association of neovascular glaucoma with increased mortality and cardiovascular risk: a multicenter propensity-matched studyNeovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a severe, vision-threatening secondary glaucoma associated with ocular ischemia and systemic vascular disease. Whether NVG also serves as a marker of systemic vascular risk remains unclear. In this retrospective, multicenter cohort study, adults with NVG were identified from a global electronic health record network and 1:1 propensity score matched to controls,…

Curcumin protects retinal photoreceptors in Glaucoma by activating prostaglandin D2 synthase-dependent NRF2 signalingGlaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, involves oxidative stress-mediated damage to retinal photoreceptors. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which curcumin, a natural compound, protects retinal cells in glaucoma. Molecular docking and biochemical assays revealed that curcumin binds prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) with high affinity, leading to marked upregulation of PTGDS expression. In…

36-Month Multi-Centre Outcomes of Combined Phacoemulsification and Hydrus Microstent Implantation in Eyes with Normal Tension GlaucomaCONCLUSION: In eyes with NTG, Phaco-Hydrus may offer a greater role in medication reduction or achieving a medication-free status over 36 months, rather than absolute IOP reduction.

Pre-diagnostic plasma endogenous steroids and the risk of exfoliation glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Although we observed no statistically significant associations with steroids after correction for multiple testing, the suggestive patterns for androgens and progestogens support the possibility of steroid-related pathways in XFG etiology and support further evaluation in larger studies.

Vitreous hemorrhage in a patient on tirzepatide: Coincidence or drug induced?Tirzepatide is a synthetic polypeptide classified as glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. It stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas and helps lower blood sugar levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. It also reduces appetite and helps in weight reduction management. We report a case of unilateral vitreous hemorrhage in a middle-aged woman…

Spontaneously arrested primary congenital glaucomaThis case report explores a unique instance of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), where the expected progression was unexpectedly halted without intervention. A 17-year-old female patient presented with diminished vision and left eye exotropia since early childhood. Examination revealed normal right eye vision, but the left eye had significantly reduced visual acuity, manifest exotropia, and megalocornea…

Comparison of Transcript and Protein Abundance in Human Donor Retinas Support Extending Postmortem Interval From 12 to 18 Hours to Expand the Donor Pool for Biomedical ResearchCONCLUSIONS: Extending the PMI cutoff from 12 to 18 hours did not significantly impact transcriptomic or proteomic integrity in human donor retinas. This PMI extension greatly increases the availability of donor eyes for biomedical research.

Trabeculectomy Remains Essential for Glaucoma CareNo abstract

Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty in patients after radiation therapy for uveal melanomaCONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm that DMEK surgery is feasible and improves the visual acuity in patients with local control of uveal melanoma after radiation therapy. However, the complications rate is high - including graft failure, postoperative IOP elevation and post-DMEK glaucoma - and complications of the radiation treatment limit the achievable visual acuity.

Complications of silicone oil in vitreoretinal surgery: a narrative review of clinical and experimental evidenceNo abstract

Time-course characterization of intraocular pressure in murine steroid-induced ocular hypertension: Effects of route, schedule, and concentrationIntraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor for glaucoma, making animal models of ocular hypertension (OHT) foundational for research. Steroid-induced OHT is a strong candidate model, yet published steroid models rarely provide quantitative guidance on how route, dose, and schedule shape the pressure-time course, leaving laboratories to pilot protocols and hindering cross-study comparisons.…

Variant-to-gene mapping identifies ARHGEF12 as a primary open-angle glaucoma effector gene operating within retinal ganglion cellsPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness, has a strong genetic basis. The Primary Open-Angle African Ancestry Glaucoma Genetics study previously identified 46 risk loci. To pinpoint causal variants and their corresponding effector genes, we analyzed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and conformation in two ocular cell-types: trabecular meshwork cells (hTMCs) and retinal…

Carnosic acid's mechanism in alleviating POAG-induced optic nerve injury <em>via</em> network pharmacologyCONCLUSION: Our study suggests that CA may treat POAG by targeting FABP3, potentially by mitigating oxidative stress and modulating immune responses. This provides a pharmacological foundation and identifies FABP3 as a potential therapeutic target for POAG treatment.

A FAERS database study on visual impairment adverse events associated with three long-acting insulin analoguesCONCLUSIONS: Long-acting insulins are associated with varying risks of visual impairment AEs, exhibiting an early-onset temporal pattern. Insulin glargine demonstrated stronger disproportionality signals for glaucoma, while degludec and detemir were more closely associated with retinopathy. These characteristics suggest the necessity of implementing individualized ophthalmic monitoring during the early phase of initiating basal insulin therapy in…

MYCN Amplification in RB1-Inactivated Retinoblastoma: Association With High-Risk FeaturesCONCLUSION: MYCN gain/amplification was identified in 7.2% of enucleated unilateral retinoblastomas, all of which showed RB1 inactivation. MYCN amplification was associated with more advanced disease and more aggressive clinical and histopathological features.

Identification of Brimonidine as a Novel Substrate of Organic Cation Transporters OCT2 and MATE1 Expressed in Human EyeCONCLUSIONS: These results imply that OCT2 and MATE1 may play a role in brimonidine uptake into the human eye and may contribute to the interindividual variability of brimonidine concentrations and effects.

The hidden primary glaucoma in retinal vein occlusion: a call for systematic screeningNo abstract

Amniotic Membrane Transplantation versus Tarsorrhaphy for the Treatment of Persistent Corneal Epithelial Defects: A Comparative Study in a Tertiary Eye Care Facility in Riyadh, Saudi ArabiaCONCLUSION: Both AMT and tarsorrhaphy successfully facilitated PED healing, with AMT demonstrating a numerically higher, though not statistically significant, healing rate (86% vs 70%). Tarsorrhaphy was associated with a higher incidence of corneal scarring, potentially linked to underlying exposure keratopathy. Future prospective investigations with standardized treatment assignments are warranted.

Nonaxonal content of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in experimental glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: The number of nonaxonal cells and capillary volume density in the circumpapillary RNFL are similar for stable glaucomatous eyes compared to the healthy eyes. Regional differences and changes in nonaxonal contribution to the nerve fiber layer thickness should be considered when assessing clinical RNFL thickness measures.

Subconjunctival Triamcinolone Acetonide Injection Compared with Dexamethasone Ophthalmic Insert for Inflammation Prophylaxis After Cataract Surgery: A Comparative Clinical StudyCONCLUSION: In this retrospective cohort study, participants who received STAI appeared to have iritis at a later onset than those who received DII. However, post-operative complications were low, with no significant differences in the rates of rebound iritis or CME between the two groups. STAI and DII have similar clinical utility in the prophylaxis of…

Effect of peripheral refractive correction on retinal sensitivity in phakic and pseudophakic glaucoma patients and healthy subjectsNo abstract

Sulcus fixation of a standard capsular tension ring in cataract surgery with capsular instabilityCONCLUSION: This technique offers a viable surgical option in complex cataract cases with zonulysis.

The 5-HT1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 maleate promotes retinal ganglion cell differentiation and protects the retino-visual circuitsCONCLUSIONS: A clinically tested 5-HT1A antagonist WAY restores RGC metabolic homeostasis and preserves visual-pathway function across acute and chronic injury models, without detected systemic toxicity, supporting development of a neuroprotective candidate for glaucoma and potentially for other mitochondrial optic neuropathies.

Identification and management of Descemet's membrane detachment during glaucoma and cataract surgeryDescemet's membrane detachment (DMD) is defined as the detachment of Descemet's membrane that occurs spontaneously or secondary to intraocular surgery. This review focuses on the characteristics and incidence of DMD following phacoemulsification and glaucoma surgery, and aims to compare DMD cases after phacoemulsification (PCE) and different types of glaucoma surgery in terms of incidence, risk…

Efficacy and safety of the VISULAS green with option selective laser trabeculoplasty in pseudoexfoliative syndrome glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative syndrome ocular hypertensionCONCLUSION: SLT with the VISULAS® green laser is an effective and safe treatment for PEXG and PEXS-OHT, achieving significant IOP reduction without increasing medication burden or causing severe complications. These findings suggest its potential as an alternative or adjunct therapy in managing pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.

Modular surgical approach for angle-closure glaucoma secondary to nanophthalmosCONCLUSION: The modular surgical approach yields favorable and consistent clinical prognoses, while reducing the incidence of complications, in the challenging clinical scenario of ACG secondary to nanophthalmos.

Reply to Comment on Association between Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Central Serous ChorioretinopathyNo abstract

Artificial Intelligence in Neurology and Neuro-Ophthalmology: Current Applications and Future DirectionsArtificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing neuro-ophthalmology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making. Techniques like deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and transfer learning effectively detect conditions such as optic neuropathies, papilledema, and glaucoma through imaging analysis. AI also supports patient triage, monitors disease progression, and streamlines workflows. However, challenges remain, including limited datasets, validation issues,...

Ophthalmological phenotype associated with biallelic <em>CPAMD8</em> variants: first report in Mexican patientsINTRODUCTION: Anterior segment dysgenesis is a heterogeneous group of developmental conditions affecting the anterior segment of the eye. These could have a significant impact on vision due to development of secondary childhood glaucoma. Their classification is complex due to genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Variants in the CPAMD8 gene have been shown to result in abnormalities…

Visual field progression in varying severities of treated patients with primary angle closure glaucomaNo abstract

Advances in in-situ Gels for Ophthalmic Drug Delivery: Formulation Aspects, Mechanisms of Drug Release, and Therapeutic ApplicationIn situ gels have become a promising approach for ophthalmic drug delivery because they overcome the major limitations of conventional eye drops, such as rapid drainage of the drug, poor bioavailability, and poor patient compliance. These formulations are liquid before administration and undergo sol-gel transition in response to ocular stimuli such as temperature, pH, or…

A real-world, population-based disproportionality analysis of glaucoma and cataracts attributed to steroidsNo abstract

Endogenous corticosteroid-induced glaucoma secondary to an adrenal adenoma in a postpartum woman: a case reportNo abstract

Cultured Human Corneal Endothelial Cell Injection (Vyznova) in Eyes with Extremely Low Intraocular Pressure After Glaucoma Surgery: Case ReportsCONCLUSIONS: These cases highlight that cHCEC therapy may be a safe and effective treatment for BK in eyes with extremely low IOP after glaucoma surgery, representing a promising alternative when conventional endothelial keratoplasty carries a high risk.

Double Trouble: Tamponade-Induced Secondary Glaucoma in a Colobomatous EyeNo abstract

Glaucomatous Remodeling of the Lamina Cribrosa: Association With Visual Field ProgressionCONCLUSIONS: Glaucomatous remodeling of the LC is associated with VF progression in POAGs. The association between longitudinal structural remodeling and functional progression varies with age such that older individuals exhibit shallower remodeling (less posterior change in ALCSD and LCCI). Subjects with a higher IOP and thinner CCT showed greater posterior remodeling of the LC as…

Hepatocyte Growth Factor Confers Trabecular Meshwork Stem Cell Resilience and Paracrine Protection of Trabecular Meshwork Cells in GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Our findings confirm that TMSC-Scr and HGF are promising candidates for cell-free therapies in glaucoma. HGF confers intrinsic resilience in TMSCs and functions as a key, but partial, mediator of their protection of TM cells.

DescePrep Significantly Improves the Efficiency of High-Risk Diabetic Donor Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty ProcessingCONCLUSIONS: DescePrep offers safe and reliable DMEK graft preparation with high success rates in diabetic tissue. DescePrep reduced preparation time by 21.3% and the number of endothelium contacts by 85.7% in comparison to SCUBA.

Effect of an intraluminal suture on outflow resistance in an in-vitro SIBS microshunt partial occlusion modelCONCLUSION: Non-occluded microshunt resistance as measured by the perfusion model matched theoretical values. Partial occlusion with either suture material caused substantial increases in resistance, depending on suture diameter and length, compared to non-occluded microshunts. If desired, partial occlusion with 4mm 9-0 nylon or 8mm 10-0 nylon suture is recommended, producing resistance consistently above the hypotony…

Maxi-DMEK and Maxi-Rebubbling: Early Experience With New Concepts to Ensure DMEK Graft Adhesion in Unicameral Eyes or After Glaucoma Filtration SurgeryCONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous anterior and posterior chamber gas tamponade seems to be an effective technique for achieving DMEK graft attachment in challenging unicameral eyes after vitrectomy or glaucoma surgery. This approach may help overcome poor graft adhesion because of postoperative gas dislocation common in these conditions but necessitates combined corneal and vitreoretinal surgical expertise.

Cystoid macular oedema after trabeculectomy versus tube shunt surgery in non-diabetic patientsCONCLUSIONS: Trabeculectomy is associated with a significantly lower hazard of postoperative CME compared with tube shunt surgery in non-diabetic glaucoma patients.

Impact of glaucoma on quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis in EthiopiaCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Nearly half of Ethiopian glaucoma patients experience impaired QoL. The certainty of this evidence is low to very low due to cross-sectional study designs and limited representativeness. Strengthening early detection, equitable access to eye care, patient education, and psychosocial support is essential, while community-based longitudinal studies are needed to generate higher-quality evidence.

Phase III Prospective Randomised Study of Netarsudil and Concomitant Latanoprost Efficacy and Safety for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular Hypertension in Japan: J-ROCKET-2CONCLUSION: Netarsudil + latanoprost was superior to placebo + latanoprost in lowering elevated IOP in Japanese patients with POAG or OHT. No new safety signals were reported.

Long-term visual field evaluation of trabeculectomy patients with a mean intraocular pressure below 15 mmHgThe purpose of this multicenter, longitudinal, retrospective, observational study was to evaluate the long-term visual field (VF) outcomes of glaucoma patients with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of less than 15 mmHg who underwent trabeculectomy (TRAB). Patients who underwent TRAB with at least 3 years of follow-up were divided into two groups: G1 (mean postoperative…

Transplantation of human trabecular meshwork stem cells induces cell proliferation and intraocular pressure reduction in a cell loss model of glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: The cell loss HOCAS model for glaucoma was established using saponin which resulted in IOP increase and TM cell loss. Further, in this model, the transplanted TMSCs, home to TM, and resulted in the reduction of IOP which was increased upon saponin treatment. The TMSC transplantation also enhanced TM cell proliferation.

Effects of daily multivitamin-multimineral supplementation on metabolomic profiles: 2-year findings from the COSMOS randomized clinical trialDespite widespread use in the USA, little is known about the impact of multivitamin-multimineral (MVM) supplementation on metabolomic profiles and how this may translate to biological aging and long-term risk of age-related chronic diseases. The COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) is a 2 × 2 factorial, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, randomized clinical trial testing daily…

Twelve-Month Safety Profile of PreserFlo MicroShunt on Corneal Endothelium in Glaucoma SubtypesCONCLUSIONS: PMS-alone demonstrated a favorable safety profile for the corneal endothelium across glaucoma subtypes. However, PMS-CE may pose an elevated risk of endothelial compromise, with a tendency toward a more pronounced reduction in PEXG eyes.

Visual and Anatomic Outcomes in Delayed-Onset Endophthalmitis After Glaucoma Surgery: A 10-Year Case SeriesCONCLUSION: Early PPV combined with appropriate source-control procedures was associated with visual improvement and anatomical success in delayed-onset endophthalmitis after glaucoma surgery.

Primary congenital glaucoma in a patient with Coffin-siris syndrome type 1 due to an ARID1B mutation: a novel associationCONCLUSION: This case expands the ocular phenotype associated with CSS and highlights the importance of early ophthalmologic screening for glaucoma in affected children.

Comment on "Association Between Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Central Serous Chorioretinopathy"No abstract

ptic Disc Microvasculature Reduction and Visual Field Progression in Advanced Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Reduction of optic disc microvasculature is useful for detecting glaucoma progression, in patients with advanced glaucoma, as well as those with early and moderate glaucoma.

Multi-scale adaptive fusion network for retinal layer and fluid segmentation in optical coherence tomography B-scansMajor treats to visual health includes diabetic macular edema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), which require prompt and correct interpretation for effective treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality, providing intense cross-sectional views of the retina to aid in diagnosis. Diagnosis and localization of retinal diseases were complicated…

Spontaneous Clearing of Corneal Blood Staining after Total Hyphema Post a Noncomplicated Ligated Ahmed Glaucoma Valve SurgeryCONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Vision-threatening complications are uncommon after Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) implantation, although few devastating postoperative complications may occur following the placement of an AGV in pediatric patients requiring further medical or surgical management. The exact mechanism of the bleeding is not clear but most likely from the entry site. Monitoring the patient after…

Targeting the PPAR-gamma/OPTN axis to inhibit apoptosis in steroid-induced glaucomaSteroid-induced glaucoma (SIG) is the most common form of secondary glaucoma and is characterized by trabecular meshwork dysfunction and elevated intraocular pressure. Here, we investigated the contribution of trabecular meshwork cell (TMC) apoptosis to SIG pathogenesis using both in vivo and in vitro models. In a rat SIG model, reduced TMC density and increased apoptosis…

Ocular Color Doppler Ultrasound (OCDUS) in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Ophthalmological, Cerebrovascular and Systemic Diseases: A Narrative ReviewOcular Color Doppler ultrasound (OCDUS) has been underutilized in the past as a diagnostic technique, although several OCDUS-based studies were performed in the last 30 years for diagnosis or monitoring of some ophthalmological, cerebrovascular or systemic diseases. OCDUS can provide quantitative and reproducible measurements of the blood flow of the main orbital vessels at the…

Sectoral Analysis of Corneal Thickness in Glaucoma and Healthy Eyes and Its Relationship with RNFL and Rim AreaBackground/Objectives: To characterize sectoral corneal thickness (CT) profiles in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) compared with healthy eyes and to evaluate potential associations between CT, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic disc rim area (RA). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 192 participants (91 with POAG and 101 controls) contributed 297 eyes (145…

Bioengineered 3D Human Trabecular Meshwork Models for Outflow Physiology and Glaucoma ResearchPrimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness and is associated with dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), a three-dimensional (3D) structure that regulates aqueous humor outflow and, consequently, intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is the only modifiable factor for glaucoma. Outflow facility is the inverse of aqueous humor outflow…

APSified Peripapillary Vessel Density in Glaucoma Suspects and Open-Angle GlaucomaBackground/Objectives: Optical coherence tomography-angiography (OCT-A) is a non-invasive method of visualizing the capillary system. As vascular dysregulation impacts glaucoma pathogenesis, the aim of this study was to evaluate APSified-BMO-based-peripapillary vessel density (VD) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT), pre-perimetric-open-angle glaucoma, as well as primary (POAG) and secondary (SOAG) open-angle glaucoma in comparison to healthy controls…

Complement, Inflammasome, and Microglial Crosstalk in Glaucoma: From Neurodegeneration to Immune-Based Precision TherapyGlaucoma is no longer viewed solely as a pressure-mediated optic neuropathy but as a chronic neurodegenerative disease with a strong immune component. Across experimental models and patient samples, convergent inflammatory circuitry complement activation, NLRP3 inflammasome signaling, and microglial reactivity emerge as a central driver of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dysfunction and death. Local complement upregulation…

Environmental Exposures and Oxidative Stress in Retinal and Optic Nerve Diseases: Mechanisms, Consequences, and Therapeutic OpportunitiesOxidative stress is a key contributing and convergent pathogenic mechanism linked to retinal and optic nerve diseases including age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. The retina is highly susceptible to redox imbalance due to intense mitochondrial activity, oxygen consumption, and light exposure. While endogenous drivers are well recognized, the contribution of environmental exposure to…

Analysis of Pediatric Secondary Glaucoma Patients Treated with Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC)CONCLUSIONS: MP-TSCPC effectively lowers IOP in pediatric secondary glaucoma and has a favorable safety profile. The option for repeated treatments and reduced medication needs supports its use as a less invasive alternative to conventional surgery.

Tattoo-Associated Sarcoid-like Uveitis: A Multicenter Registry StudyBackground: This study aims to characterize the clinical features and outcomes of tattoo-associated sarcoid-like uveitis using a multicenter uveitis registry given the limited existing data. Design: This is a retrospective study. Participants: Ten patients (20 eyes) diagnosed with tattoo-associated sarcoid-like uveitis took part in the study. Methods: The data of patients newly evaluated at participating…

The Role of Viral Infection and Microbial Dysbiosis in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic StrategiesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, yet vision loss often progresses despite effective intraocular pressure (IOP) control, suggesting the involvement of non-hydrodynamic mechanisms. This review explores the potential synergistic interaction between viral persistence and microbial dysbiosis in pathogenesis. While acknowledging that current evidence regarding the microbiome is largely associative and derived from small…

CREB3L1 Modulates Extracellular Matrix Gene Expression and Proliferation in Glaucomatous Lamina Cribrosa CellsBackground: Fibrotic remodelling of the lamina cribrosa (LC) is a defining pathological feature of glaucomatous optic neuropathy and contributes to progressive optic nerve head deformation and axonal vulnerability. LC cells from glaucomatous donors exhibit a myofibroblast-like phenotype characterised by excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) production, a process associated with chronic cellular stress. cAMP responsive element-binding protein…

Isolation and identification of neuroprotective compounds from <em>Morus alba</em> L. root bark against NMDA-induced retinal degenerationMorus alba L. root bark (MAR) has been used in traditional Chinese medicine and has recently attracted attention for its neuroprotective potential. In this study, 23 compounds were isolated from MAR, including two new compounds (1 and 2) and six new natural products (3-8) present as stereoisomeric mixtures, all characterised by NMR, ECD, and HRESIMS.…

Unveiling Systemic Biomarkers and Metabolic Mechanisms in Glaucoma Progression from Multi-Omics InsightsEarly diagnosis of glaucoma remains challenging due to its asymptomatic onset and multifactorial pathological mechanisms. Growing evidence indicates that metabolic disorders and systemic molecular alterations play significant roles in glaucoma pathogenesis. However, reliable biomarkers and corresponding specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we employed a multi-omics approach that encompassed metabolomics, transcriptomics, and Mendelian randomization…

Laser peripheral iridotomy for dark-induced angle closure changes: A proof-of-concept studyCONCLUSION: LPI provided favorable outcomes in eyes with DACC, suggesting DACC to be a clinical entity of early-stage AC. If confirmed in controlled studies, this approach might help to prevent AC and AC glaucoma.

Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Oxygen Consumption and Systemic Bioenergetics in Glaucoma ManagementGlaucoma is a multifaceted optic neuropathy, characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells. This damage frequently continues even after intraocular pressure (IOP) has been effectively lowered. This resistance to conventional IOP-lowering therapy underscores the critical role of interacting IOP-independent mechanisms; specifically metabolic failure and systemic mitochondrial dysfunction have emerged as key parallel drivers.…

Risk Factors for Postoperative Hyphema Following Baerveldt Glaucoma Implant Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort StudyBackground/Objectives: To investigate the incidence and risk factors for postoperative hyphema following Baerveldt glaucoma implant (BGI) surgery. Methods: This retrospective study included Japanese patients who underwent BGI surgery at Fukui University Hospital between 1 April 2012 and 31 March 2025. Hyphema was defined as any clinically detectable blood in the anterior chamber. Baseline demographic, ocular,…

Structural and Functional Progression in Open-Angle Glaucoma with Unilateral Peripapillary Intrachoroidal CavitationBackground/Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the longitudinal visual field (VF) and circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (cpRNFLT) changes in open-angle glaucomatous (OAG) participants with unilateral peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (PICC) and to identify factors associated with VF progression. Methods: Sixty eyes of 30 OAG patients with unilateral PICC were included in…

Tube obstruction caused by blood clots following PreserFlo MicroShunt surgeryPURPOSE: We describe a rare case of tube obstruction caused by blood clots following PreserFlo MicroShunt (PMS) surgery and its subsequent management.

Genetic associations of variants in 10 glaucoma-related genes with POAG risk and structural phenotypes in Korean subjectsWhile a few studies have reported on single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with glaucoma in the Korean population, comprehensive data on genotype-phenotype correlations across multiple candidate genes are lacking. This study aimed to investigate the associations of variants in 10 candidate genes (CDKN2B, SIX1, SIX6, SCYL1, CHEK2, ATOH7, DCLK1, RERE, CDC7, and CARD10) with primary open-angle…

Chromatin dynamics identifies 78 genes at loci associated with elevated intraocular pressure and primary open-angle glaucomaPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder, and elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) represents the major, and only modifiable, risk factor for the disease. We modeled increased IOP by treating three primary human trabecular meshwork (TM) cell strains with dexamethasone, then generated a high-resolution map of promoter-centered chromatin contacts and regulatory modules to decipher…

Multicenter analysis of nuclear cataract population parameters and their clinical correlations based on AS-OCTCONCLUSIONS: Automated AS-OCT image features has strong consistency in lens opacity grading. Potentials are also shown in supportive diagnosis and surgical planning in nuclear cataract.

Ocular manifestations of a rare congenital heart defect: Advanced glaucoma and retinal vein occlusion associated with double-chambered right ventricleCONCLUSION & IMPORTANCE: Congenital cardiac anomalies such as DCRV can result in secondary glaucoma and CRVO. However, reports of ocular complications in patients with congenital heart disease remain limited, warranting heightened clinical awareness. This case illustrates the importance of evaluating systemic and cardiac causes in patients presenting with glaucoma secondary to elevated ESVP. Appropriate investigation…

Lipid peroxidation as a driver of oxidative and neuroinflammatory damage in ocular disease: review and perspectivesContext: Lipid peroxidation (LPO) causes oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in eye diseases. Malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal are produced in the eye via polyunsaturated fatty acid oxidation. Objective: Electrophiles damage biological components. LPO damages the retina and optic nerve, causing age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Materials and Methods: LPO also causes cataracts and dry eye…

Using selective laser trabeculoplasty to manage glaucoma in a child with phakomatosis pigmentovascularisCONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Glaucoma filtering procedures in cases of PPV pose a high risk of complications and SLT offers a less-invasive, potentially clinic-based alternative. While the patient did develop a choroidal effusion post-SLT, suspected to be secondary to decreased IOP, this resolved with medical management alone without the need for incisional surgery thus illustrating both…

Whole-genome sequence genome-wide association study in All of Us identifies a novel glaucoma risk locus in African ancestry individualsCONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the value of whole genome sequencing, diverse ancestry inclusion, and phenotypic refinement in uncovering novel POAG genetic risk loci. The findings underscore the need to prioritize both genetic diversity and refined case/control definitions to advance understanding of this complex ocular disease.

Glaucoma Risk with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort StudyCONCLUSION: This observational study found associations between diabetes medications and increased glaucoma diagnosis rates but cannot establish causality. Multiple competing explanations exist: reverse causation (clinicians preferentially prescribing metformin to diabetic patients with emerging glaucoma based on prior protective literature), confounding by indication (sicker patients requiring medication having inherently higher glaucoma risk), and detection bias (differential…

Outcomes of Ab-Interno Canaloplasty and Gonioscopy-Assisted Transluminal Trabeculotomy in Eyes with Sustained Intraocular Pressure Elevation Following Intravitreal InjectionsCONCLUSION: Combined ab-interno canaloplasty and GATT using the iTrack microcatheter is a safe surgical option for selected eyes with sustained IOP elevation following intravitreal injections. The procedure achieved meaningful reductions in IOP and medication use, including in eyes requiring continued intravitreal therapy, supporting a primary surgical effect. Careful patient selection and long-term follow-up remain essential,…

Astrocyte Heterogeneity and Metabolic Reprogramming: Mechanisms Governing Retinal Ganglion Cell Damage in GlaucomaGlaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible visual impairment, is driven by progressive retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration. Emerging evidence highlights astrocytes as pivotal players in its pathogenesis, with their heterogeneity and pathological metabolic reprogramming profoundly impacting RGC survival. This review synthesizes current insights into astrocyte diversity and metabolic alterations during glaucoma-related RGC injury, emphasizing molecular…

Clinical Outcomes of Secondary Intraocular Lens Scleral Fixation after Acute Secondary Angle-Closure Caused by Lens SubluxationCONCLUSIONS: In eyes with lens subluxation-associated secondary angle-closure, phacoemulsification with secondary IOL scleral fixation resulted in stable IOP control and anatomical restoration over a 2-year follow-up period in severe cases with extensive zonular dialysis.

Tissue-Specific Antioxidant Capacity in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma PatientsCONCLUSIONS: AH antioxidant measures showed limited race-associated differences, whereas paired TM/LE profiling revealed tissue- and marker-specific expression differences most evident in Black patients. These compartment-specific signatures warrant validation in larger prospective cohorts.

Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor (MIF)-CD74 Signaling Pathway Mediates Trabecular Meshwork Dysfunction in GlaucomaCONCLUSION: Our findings identify MIF-CD74 signaling as a previously unrecognized regulator of TM dysfunction in POAG. MIF-mediated suppression of Blimp-1 mechanistically links inflammatory signaling to cytoskeletal contractility and fibrotic ECM remodeling, key determinants of aqueous humor outflow resistance. Targeting the MIF-CD74/Blimp-1 axis may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to restore TM homeostasis and reduce intraocular…

TRPC6-Mediated Ca<sup>2+</sup> Influx Activates MAPK and NFκB Signaling and Elicits Pro-Inflammatory and Catabolic Responses in Human Intervertebral Disc CellsIntervertebral disc degeneration is characterized by inflammation, extracellular matrix breakdown, and neurovascular ingrowth, processes that contribute to discogenic, chronic back pain. The transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) channel is a calcium-permeable ion channel implicated in inflammation and pain signaling in multiple tissues; however, its functional role in human disc cells remain unknown. Here, we…

Efficacy and safety of goniotomy and gonioscopy-assisted transluminal trabeculotomy for exfoliation glaucoma: a systematic review and single-arm meta-analysisCONCLUSION: This meta-analysis demonstrates that GT and GATT, particularly when combined with phacoemulsification, are safe and effective in reducing IOP and medication burden in patients with XFG. The evidence for sustained IOP lowering with standalone GATT remains limited, suggesting that combined surgery may offer more reliable long-term pressure control, especially for patients with concurrent cataract.

From Sea to Sight: Fucoidan Protects Against Oxidative Damage in Porcine Retina Organ CultureDegeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a hallmark of glaucoma. As RGCs are vulnerable to oxidative imbalance, anti-oxidative strategies are of significant interest as novel therapeutic targets. Fucoidans, bioactive compounds derived from algae, are known to be anti-oxidative. Hence, we investigated if fucoidans have protective effects in a retina organ culture model. Porcine explants…

Apps as eyes: Harnessing tech for visually impaired personsNo abstract

Treatment Outcomes of Slow Coagulation Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for Medically Uncontrolled Glaucoma in Korean PatientsCONCLUSION: SC-CPC is a useful method for IOP control in Korean patients with medically uncontrolled glaucoma.

Improving support and self-management of ophthalmic patients using an artificial intelligence health coachThis study evaluates patient engagement and satisfaction with Everyday Medical Monitoring Ally (E.M.M.A), a purpose-trained artificial intelligence (AI)-powered health coach delivered via WhatsApp. E.M.M.A integrates AI-driven symptom tracking, personalized medical information, and lifestyle guidance to support eye health management in a real-world clinical setting. This pilot study enrolled patients from a UK-based ophthalmology clinic managing…

Comparing the Accuracy of Four Artificial Intelligence Models in PubMed Citation Generation for Glaucoma ResearchCONCLUSION: AI models-particularly biomedically enriched tools such as DeepSeek-can accelerate citation drafting, but citation hallucinations and metadata errors remain common. AI should serve as a decision support tool for reference retrieval and formatting, not a substitute for rigorous manual verification before submission.

Anticoagulation and the risk of central retinal artery occlusion in post-COVID rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosisNo abstract

Residual Structural Differences on Anterior Segment OCT After Laser Peripheral Iridotomy in Primary Angle Closure DiseaseCONCLUSION: AS-OCT demonstrates persistent structural differences across the PACD spectrum after LPI and may serve as an adjunct for structural assessment and risk stratification in treated eyes.

"Best Pick and Hold" with "Wrap and Roll" technique for extreme subluxated crystalline lensBACKGROUND: A severely subluxated crystalline lens refers to significant displacement of the eye's natural lens from its normal position, often due to zonular weakness or rupture.[1] This condition can result from trauma, connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, or advanced pseudoexfoliation.[2,3] Visual symptoms include blurred vision, monocular diplopia, and glare. On examination, lens edge may…

Design and Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the Clarifying the Optimal Application of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) Therapy (COAST) Trial 1CONCLUSIONS: COAST is a timely and potentially highly impactful trial that will clarify the optimal utilization of SLT for long-term glaucoma management without the need for alternative therapies such as medications or surgery. The COAST sample closely resembles the population of newly-diagnosed POAG/OHT patients for whom primary SLT would be appropriate, optimizing generalizability of study…

Role of angle alpha and angle kappa in patient selection for premium intraocular lensesNo abstract

Optical coherence tomography in pediatric ophthalmology: Insights into ocular development, diagnosis and management of eye diseasesOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that has revolutionized pediatric ophthalmology. This overview summarizes current evidence on OCT use across the pediatric age spectrum, emphasizing its role in imaging ocular development and guiding the diagnosis and management of pediatric eye diseases. Handheld OCT enables imaging in neonates, infants and children of any…

A Comparative Analysis of Visual Field Test Results Using Tablet-Based and Table-Mounted Devices in a Telemedicine Program Set in Underserved AreasCONCLUSIONS: The MRF showed moderate agreement with the HFA across selected VF indices. These findings represent an initial step toward feasibility for telemedicine integration, with additional studies needed to determine reliability and clinical utility.

Efficacy and Safety of Acupuncture in Slowing Visual Field Loss in Normal-Tension Glaucoma: A 24-Week Randomized Controlled TrialCONCLUSION: This is the first clinical trial to demonstrate that long-term acupuncture may effectively preserve both structural and functional visual parameters in patients with NTG, suggesting a potential neuroprotective effect of acupuncture and supporting its role as a promising adjunctive therapy. Further validation is warranted with larger, double-blind, multicenter trials.

Long-Term Clinical Course and Progression Patterns of Normal-Tension Glaucoma Following Disc HemorrhageCONCLUSIONS: RNFL thinning after DH occurred in diverse patterns, with a substantial proportion of eyes demonstrating late-phase stabilization. Clinical features indicative of smaller mechanical stress were likely key factors in attenuating glaucoma progression following DH.

Silybin inhibits fibrosis after glaucoma filtration surgery in rabbits by promoting fibroblast autophagyCONCLUSIONS: Silybin significantly inhibits postoperative fibrosis in rabbit models of glaucoma likely by activating cellular autophagy and inducing apoptosis to reduce fibroblast activation.

De novo chromosome-level assembly of the endangered Pilocarpus microphyllus highlights genomic resources for conservation and sustainable pilocarpine extractionPilocarpus microphyllus (jaborandi) is an endangered plant species with significant bioeconomic relevance, as it is the main known source of pilocarpine, an alkaloid widely used in the treatment of glaucoma and other diseases. Here, we present a functionally annotated, haplotype-phased, chromosome-level genome for P. microphyllus, combining PacBio HiFi and Hi-C sequencing. The final genome assembly…

Intraocular Pressure Measurement Variability Associated With Face Mask UseCONCLUSION: Masks exert inconsistent effects on IOP measurements. In approximately one-third of patients the differences reached clinical significance, although not statistically significant. These variations are presumably influenced by multiple factors, such as mask fit to facial structure, positioning, and alterations in breathing patterns while wearing masks.

Exfoliation Syndrome in a Large Vietnamese American Clinic Population: Clinical Characteristics Including Prevalence of Glaucoma and Narrow AnglesCONCLUSION: This study is the first to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of EXF in a Vietnamese American clinic population. In this cohort of Vietnamese patients from a single ophthalmic clinic, 1.8% were found to have exfoliation syndrome. Among the EXF cases, there were substantial numbers with narrow angles, glaucoma, and history of cataract…

Impact of glaucoma on outcomes after epiretinal membrane surgery. a pairwise and post-hoc single-arm meta-analysisNo abstract

Effects of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty on 24-Hour Intraocular Pressure in Patients with Well-Controlled in the Clinic but Progressing Primary Open Angle GlaucomaCONCLUSION: SLT significantly reduced nocturnal and maximum IOP in POAG patients whose IOP was already well-controlled in the clinic.

Referral for glaucoma surgery and types of surgery in different European regions in 2025, the EURACCUR studyCONCLUSIONS: Marked differences exist in Europe in glaucoma referral timeliness and surgical practice. Late referral remains frequent and associated with advanced structural and functional damage in Europe.

Predicting Intraocular Pressure From Glaucoma Patients Receiving Medication Treatment Using Explainable Machine LearningGlaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the visual system, and treatment is targeted toward lowering intraocular pressure. However, some patients fail to respond to treatment and their intraocular pressure levels remain high, risking continuous vision loss. Explainable machine learning provides a mechanism for both individual prognostication and the identification of factors associated with treatment…

A vision transformer model for the detection of glaucoma from optic disc photographsThis study uses a deep learning algorithm to analyze optic disc photographs (ODPs) and classify eyes as glaucomatous or healthy based on optic nerve appearance. ODPs from three databases were independently graded by two glaucoma specialists. Images were preprocessed using the open-source language R and RimNet, a deep learning model for optic disc segmentation, to…

A comprehensive review of management modalities for glaucoma and intraocular hypertension during pregnancyCONCLUSIONS: The findings advocate for a patient-centered approach that integrates evidence-based strategies to preserve maternal vision while ensuring fetal well-being. Ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential in developing new approaches while safeguarding both maternal and fetal health.

Effectiveness and Safety of Combined Ab-Interno Canaloplasty and Microstent Implantation in Severe Glaucoma - A Retrospective StudyCONCLUSION: Combining ab-interno canaloplasty with Hydrus Microstent implantation during cataract surgery resulted in modest but sustained reductions in intraocular pressure and glaucoma medication burden, with a favorable safety profile. However, postoperative IOP frequently remained above levels required for very low target pressures. These findings suggest that this mixed MIGS approach may be considered in carefully…

Comparable performance of 3D and 2D anterior segment optical coherence tomography in predicting intraocular pressure reduction following cataract surgeryCONCLUSIONS: AS-OCT parameters improved the predictability of IOP reduction after phacoemulsification, with notably better performance in non-glaucoma eyes. 2D and 3D models showed comparable predictive ability.

Unfolded proteins and aggregates: The role of proteostasis in pseudoexfoliation pathologyCONCLUSIONS: Proteostasis dysfunction plays a pivotal role in PEX pathogenesis by promoting protein misfolding, aggregation, and extracellular deposition. Targeting the proteostasis network, through modulation of stress responses and enhancement of degradation pathways, represents a promising therapeutic strategy for PEXS and PEXG.

Microbiological etiology of endogenous and exogenous postprocedural endophthalmitis: a 5-year German federal state studyCONCLUSION: Our results confirm S. epidermidis to be the most common endophthalmitis-causing pathogen. No single microbiological diagnostic technique would have identified all cases of infection, thus calling for combined approaches that include culture and molecular testing.

MicroPulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for Early to Moderate Glaucoma: A Case Series of 11 Eyes with One-Year Follow-Up and Literature ReviewCONCLUSION: Despite the small cohort size, MP-TSCPC demonstrates preliminary efficacy and good safety profile in IOP control in Chinese patients with early to moderate glaucoma, significantly lowering IOP and reducing medication burden without negatively impacting visual acuity or causing serious complications.

Imaging the trabecular meshwork morphological changes in primary open angle glaucoma: An anterior segment OCT studyCONCLUSION: We observed significant morphological changes in the TM using AS-OCT, which may reflect the TM degeneration in POAG. In addition to the retina/optic nerve analyses, we suggest AS-OCT of the TM could contribute to better screen for and evaluate POAG.

Charles bonnet syndrome with subsequent depression in acute angle-closure glaucoma: a case reportCharles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) presents with complex visual hallucinations in visually impaired individuals with preserved insight. While most commonly associated with macular degeneration, it may occur in glaucoma. CBS is often under-reported due to stigma and may progress to psychiatric morbidity. A 63-year-old man with bilateral visual loss following acute angle-closure glaucoma experienced vivid hallucinations…

Prevalence and risk factors of ocular surface disease in Algerian patients with glaucoma and/or ocular hypertensionCONCLUSION: Our results confirm the high prevalence of OSD in Algerian patients with glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension. Several risk factors, such as exposure to preserved eye drops, were associated with a higher prevalence of OSD. Management of glaucoma patients should include regular, systematic examination of the ocular surface and can be optimized by switching to…

Efficacy and adherence to glaucoma treatment depending on eye drop application technique: A crossover randomized clinical trialPurposeTo compare patient education with a medical device as strategies to improve eye drop instillation in glaucoma patients and to assess their effects on intraocular pressure (IOP) control, treatment adherence, self-perceived competence, and observer-rated technique.MethodologyIn this randomized, crossover trial, 45 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma were assigned to group A (education only, n = 22)…

Canaloplasty and trabecular bypass glaucoma surgery: indications and outcomesPURPOSE OF REVIEW: Trabecular bypass stents and ab interno canaloplasty are popular micro-invasive glaucoma surgery approaches. This review summarizes recent evidence on outcomes, safety, and comparative effectiveness of these procedures.

Alterations in Retinal Vasculometry After Acute Primary Angle Closure Episode: A Comparative AnalysisCONCLUSIONS: APAC eyes exhibit significant retinal vasculometry alterations despite IOP control. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether these alterations contribute to the development of glaucomatous optic neuropathy.

Exploring the causal link between long-term elevated plasma caffeine levels and age-related eye diseases using Mendelian randomizationCONCLUSION: This MR study provides evidence that long-term higher plasma caffeine levels may reduce the risk of age-related eye diseases, including AMD, ARC, and POAG. Notably, approximately half of the protective effect of PCL on POAG is mediated through IOP reduction.

Investigation of Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition, Antioxidant Properties, and Selective Anticancer Activity of Methyl-Substituted Halogenated and Methoxy ConduritolsCONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that methyl-substituted halogenated and methoxy conduritols possess anticancer, potential antiepileptic agents, and antioxidant potentials. Their strong carbonic anhydrase inhibitory activities highlight their promise as potential therapeutic agents for epilepsy and glaucoma. Overall, these compounds demonstrate considerable potential as multifunctional bioactive molecules and represent promising candidates for further preclinical studies.

Angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor α inhibition by faricimab reduces pericyte-to-myofibroblast transition and the myofibroblast phenotype in vitroPericytes (PCs) are essential components of the retinal microvasculature and exhibit fibrotic activity, which is crucial for tissue repair and regeneration. However, chronic fibrotic activity can lead to harmful fibrosis that impairs retinal function. Treatment with faricimab, which targets angiopoietin-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor α (VEGFα) to prevent neovascularization in diabetic macular edema (DME),…

Irreversible Ocular and Systemic Damage in ROSAH SyndromeCONCLUSIONS: ROSAH syndrome presents with distinctive ocular features, and recognition of ocular surface, corneal and anterior segment anomalies further broadens its phenotypic spectrum. Reactive amyloidosis is a possible complication of ROSAH syndrome, as in other autoinflammatory disorders. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent irreversible ocular and extraocular organ damage, and to guide timely, targeted therapeutic…

Astrocytic Neurovascular Signalling Dysfunction in Glaucoma: Neurochemical Mechanisms and Translational ImplicationsNo abstract

Building the Optometry Workforce in Somalia: A Strategic Approach to Preventing Avoidable Blindness and Expanding Access to Vision CareCONCLUSION: The findings indicate a high burden of preventable and treatable eye conditions and support the need for a structured optometry workforce in Somalia. We propose a three-component implementation framework: (1) workforce training (optometry and optical-technician education), (2) decentralized service delivery with referral pathways, and (3) sustainable multi-sector partnerships to expand access to vision care…

Validating and updating the OHTS-EGPS model predicting 5-year glaucoma risk among patients with ocular hypertension using electronic medical records: a cohort studyCONCLUSIONS: We validated the Ocular Hypertension Study-European Glaucoma Prevention Study predictor model in a large population with ocular hypertension achieving modest improvements. The use of a risk prediction tool is likely to be cost-effective. Reducing the risk of conversion was the most important preference for patients with ocular hypertension.

Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical AssociationsCONCLUSION: Improved screening protocols, standardized ARR cutoffs, and advanced imaging and genetic analyses are needed to enhance PA detection. Future research should validate cost-effective screening and clarify psychiatric-metabolic links for optimized management.

Advances in the application of metal-organic frameworks in ophthalmologyThe global burden of vision impairment and blindness caused by eye diseases continues to grow. The eye's inherent physiological barriers-such as the corneal barrier and blood-retinal barrier-lead to challenges in traditional therapies, including low drug bioavailability, poor targeting, and the need for frequent administration. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), as a class of emerging porous materials, offer…

CHARACTERIZING INTRAOCULAR LENS POSITION, STABILITY, AND IRIS MOBILITY IN EYES THAT HAVE UNDERGONE SUTURELESS INTRASCLERAL HAPTIC FIXATIONCONCLUSION: This study provides ultrasound-based evidence demonstrating a more posterior IOL position with increased iris mobility in eyes with an SIS-IOL. These data provide valuable information which may inform surgeons as they consider IOL selection and surgical technique.

A Knowledge-Guided Bi-Modal Network for the Classification of Anterior Chamber Angle ImagesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. When glaucoma is diagnosed, Anterior Chamber Angle (ACA) evaluation is the necessary step for the prognosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, current clinical evaluation methods are labor intensive and rely on expert judgment, which makes them inefficient. Automating ACA classification based on images using machine learning,…

Cortical gradient compression links cognition and transcriptomic signatures in primary angle-closure glaucomaThe cerebral cortex is organized along hierarchical gradients that integrate sensory and cognitive functions, yet whether this organization is disrupted in primary angle-closure glaucoma and contributes to cognitive impairment remains unclear. Here we examine cortical functional gradients in individuals with primary angle-closure glaucoma using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcriptomic analyses. We show that…

Incidence and Risk Factors for Ciliochoroidal Detachment Following Preserflo MicroShunt ImplantationCONCLUSION: CCD is common after PFM implantation. Short axial length and postoperative hypotony are significant risk factors.

The utility of aqueous and serum apolipoprotein E and galectin-3 as biomarkers of neuroinflammation in glaucomaApolipoprotein E (APOE) and Galectin-3 (Gal-3) are markers of activated microglia in neurodegenerative diseases of the central nervous system, whose targeting is protective in mouse models of glaucoma. In this study, we examined levels of APOE and Gal-3 in human aqueous humor (AH) and serum samples. Single-center, cross-sectional study. A total of 100 glaucoma and…

Corneal Endothelium Cell Loss after Ahmed and Baerveldt Glaucoma Drainage Device Implantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisCONCLUSION: Overall, implantation of a GDD leads to clinically relevant corneal endothelial cell loss. ECD loss may be more pronounced in Asians compared to Caucasians. No difference in ECD loss was observed between the two GDD types GDD. The existing evidence is characterized by heterogeneity, and further high-quality randomized controlled trials are necessary to establish…

Attention-Guided Hybrid Deep Learning with Fibonacci and Annular Ring Handcrafted Features for Glaucoma Detection in Retinal ImagesGlaucoma, a major contributor to irreversible blindness, often progresses silently, making early detection vital. Manual interpretation of retinal fundus images requires expertise and is prone to variability across clinicians. To solve the issue, a novel automated classification framework is proposed that leverages handcrafted features extracted from retinal zones segmented through a Fibonacci-based annular ring division…

Macula Spatial Patterns and their Association with Central Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma using Artificial IntelligenceCONCLUSIONS: Using unsupervised artificial intelligence, characteristic patterns of macular thinning were identified and associated with central visual field progression. Spatial macular pattern analysis may enhance individualized care and improve risk stratification for those at risk of central VF damage.

Outcome-Based Self-Directed Learning (OBSDL) in Pharmacology in the Indian Context: A Convergent Mixed-Method StudyCONCLUSION: The OBSDL effectively enhances learning outcomes in the field of pharmacology. Various SDL skills, like self-learning skills, metacognition, collaboration, autodidactism, application, and experiential learning, have emerged from thematic analysis, which are essential for lifelong learning. The qualitative method has added understanding of students' perspectives. A judicious placement of various teaching-learning methods designed based on…

Association Between Corneal Biomechanics and 24-hour Intraocular Pressure Variation in Untreated GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Corneal deformability reflected by biomechanical properties measured by Corvis ST is associated with 24-hour IOP variation in untreated POAG patients. Increased corneal deformability is associated with lower 24-hour IOP changes.

Risk of retinal artery occlusion in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma: a retrospective cohort studyNo abstract

Comparison of 360-Degree Trabeculotomy versus Traditional Angle Surgery in Primary Congenital Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCONCLUSIONS: 360° trabeculotomy showed greater reduction in IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications postoperatively than traditional angle surgery with improved success and reduced failure rates.

Sustained intraocular pressure lowering from suprachoroidal injection of a latanoprost lipid nanoparticle delivery system in the rabbitCONCLUSION: A single dose of liposomal latanoprost into the suprachoroidal space can lower the IOP for up to 56 days making it a promising therapeutic agent for sustained delivery drugs to the suprachoroidal space.

NRF2 Deficiency Disrupts Mitochondrial Homeostasis via NDUFS7 in Trabecular MeshworkThe trabecular meshwork (TM) plays a pivotal role in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) by regulating aqueous humor outflow. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) was identified as a key transcriptional controller of TM redox balance and mitochondrial function. Transcriptomic profiling of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative injury revealed NRF2 pathway involvement in TM cellular defense.…

An unusual case of Kabuki Syndrome with retinal ischaemia and neovascular glaucomaPurposeThis is the first report that describes a case of Kabuki syndrome with peripheral retinal ischemia and neovascular glaucoma.Case reportA 44-year-old woman with genetically confirmed Kabuki syndrome was referred with bilateral elevated intraocular pressure (circa 50mmHG in both eyes), and longstanding poor vision and high myopia (6/60 vision right, counting fingers left eye). Slit-lamp examination…

<em>ASPH-</em>related ectopia lentis revisited: genetic variability, clinical diversity, and evolving therapeutic approachesCONCLUSIONS: Scleral thinning and filtering blebs frequently occur at the site of lens subluxation and worsened by scleral surgery. Early lensectomy through a clear corneal approach minimizes scleral complications. Progressive cardiovascular involvement necessitates regular systemic monitoring.

The Real-World Safety Profile of Temazepam: A 20-Year Pharmacovigilance Analysis Based on the Large-Scale FAERS DatabaseCONCLUSIONS: A comprehensive analysis of the large scale real world FAERS database was performed in this study identifying an extensive spectrum of adverse events associated with temazepam. Our study confirmed established risks and detected potential novel signals including ocular toxicities (e.g., eye irritation, intraocular pressure increased, glaucoma, eye inflammation, and photophobia) as well as neuro…

A large deletion spanning multiple enhancers near PITX2 increases primary open-angle glaucoma riskCONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Whole genome sequencing data captures rare structural variants with large effect sizes that are missed by conventional SNP and indel genotyping approaches, enabling improved POAG risk stratification. These data also expand the phenotypic spectrum of structural variation in the PITX2 locus from childhood glaucoma to adult-onset disease, where age at diagnosis and…

Genetic variants through exome sequencing in Spanish patients affected by primary congenital glaucoma and juvenile open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: WES is an effective diagnostic tool for early-onset glaucoma, enhancing clinical management and genetic counseling. It supports its use in routine diagnostics to enable early detection and intervention for at-risk relatives. Further research is needed to uncover additional genetic factors and refine testing guidelines.

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of visual disability in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide population-based study in KoreaCONCLUSION: The burden of AMD-related visual disability remains significant, highlighting the need for strategies to improve treatment adherence and ensure equitable access to vision-preserving care. The decreasing trend of visual disability in recent years suggests the practical benefit of improved access to anti-VEGF treatment through lower drug costs and expanded insurance coverage.

Clinical characteristics and quality of life measures in children with glaucoma-suspect or glaucoma diagnoses in chronic, noninfectious uveitisCONCLUSIONS: Non-JIA uveitis and eyes with complications at uveitis presentation are more likely to develop glaucoma-related diagnoses. Parents/proxies of children with Gla^(+) reported lower QOL scores in both eye-specific and psychosocial functioning, highlighting the need for behavioral health interventions.

Structural targeting of a familial variant of neuroserpin (Ser52Arg) by epigallocatechin gallate binding that reduces polymerization and enhances the tissue plasminogen activator inhibitionNeuroserpin (NS) inactivation of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in brain reduces neurotoxicity. However several familial point mutations in its gene are linked with a neurodegenerative disease termed Familial Encephalopathy with Neuroserpin Inclusion Bodies (FENIB) that results in epilepsy/dementia. Variable expression level of the NS has been linked to several other neurological pathologies like Alzheimer's, glaucoma…

Microplastic contamination in commercial eyedrop products: detection and characterization studyMicroplastics (MPs) have become an emerging contaminant of concern, yet their presence in ocular formulations and products remains poorly understood. This study employed a dual-method approach (water dilution and Fenton digestion) coupled with micro-FTIR analysis to investigate the MP contamination in 21 commercial eyedrop products in Malaysia. Our findings demonstrate widespread contamination, with 81% of…

Laser peripheral iridotomy for treating recurrent uveitis-glaucoma-hyphema plus syndrome with a scleral fixed intraocular lens: a case reportNo abstract

Interpretable machine learning reveals metabolomic signatures: biomarkers and mechanisms in acute vs chronic angle-closure glaucomaNo abstract

Hyaluronic acid-mediated nanocomplexation enhances ocular retention and therapeutic efficacy of dorzolamide in a biodegradable gelatin insertConventional dorzolamide (DZ) eye drops for glaucoma therapy suffer from rapid precorneal clearance, low ocular bioavailability, and frequent dosing requirements. Herein, we developed a sustained-release ocular delivery platform by rationally engineering DZ into hyaluronic acid (HA)-based polyelectrolyte nanocomplexes and integrating them into a biodegradable crosslinked gelatin ocular insert (Gel(OI-HA/DZ)). HA/DZ nanocomplexes were formed via mild…

Retrospective study of photodynamic therapy for the GNA-Related Capillary Malformation spectrum of pediatric patientsCONCLUSIONS: Focusing on the various clinical manifestations of the GNARCMs, after except contraindications, PDT can be selected for treatment of pediatric patients, and its effectiveness and safety are worthy of affirmation.

Peroxisomal dynamics in Degenerative retinopathies: implications of retinal lipid metabolism and therapeutic potentialPeroxisomes are a type of organelles essential for metabolic activities. They are extensively distributed in retinal tissue and play a core role in biomolecular synthesis, cellular metabolism, oxidative stress, and immune defense. Patients suffering from peroxisomal disorders will exhibit a number of ocular symptoms, including degenerative retinopathy, cataract, glaucoma, and optic nerve abnormalities. Specifically, pathological…

Intravitreal Ranibizumab versus Vitreous Lavage for Postoperative Vitreous Hemorrhage in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Controlled TrialCONCLUSION: VL and IVR were both associated with improved visual outcomes in patients with POVH throughout the 24-week follow-up period. The VL group achieved immediate BCVA improvement, and IVR showed a progressive improvement pattern. The VL group showed superior short-term efficiency. IVR showed a trend towards sustained recovery over the 24-week study period. In our…

Ocular Surface Changes and Glaucoma: A Prospective Contralateral Study of IOP-Reducing Eyedrops versus iStent Inject SurgeryCONCLUSION: Interventional glaucoma treatment with trabecular micro-bypass stent implantation significantly reduced medication burden, which was associated with improved signs and symptoms of ocular surface disease at 6 months. Compared to fellow eyes on topical therapy, stent-treated eyes showed better outcomes in selected ocular surface parameters, supporting the benefits of an interventional approach.

Intraocular Pressure Accuracy Post-Myopic Laser in situ Keratomileusis: Pivotal Study Results, Standard vs Correcting Applanation Tonometry Surface Goldmann TonometryCONCLUSION: Findings may extend to other refractive surgeries or thin-cornea populations, warranting further study. Adoption of the CATS prism could refine postoperative IOP monitoring, impacting practice guidelines and patient outcomes.

A Systematic and Narrative Review of Safety and Complications in Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgery (MIGS) Between 2014-2024CONCLUSION: For patients with mild, stable disease or those undergoing opportunistic combined surgery, tissue-sparing procedures with the lowest observed complication rates may be preferable. Standardized definitions, long-term follow-up, and harmonized safety reporting are becoming essential.

Assessment of Peripheral Anterior Synechiae Using Linear Gonio-Images Following Trabeculotomy with TrabectomeCONCLUSION: Widespread PAS was detected by GS-1 at 6 and 12 months postoperatively. However, its effect on postoperative IOP reduction and prognosis appears limited. Moreover, the long-term effects remain unclear; therefore, further studies are warranted.

Artificial Intelligence in Neuro-Ophthalmology for Optic Disc Pathologies and Neurodegenerative DiseaseArtificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly reshaping neuro-ophthalmic care by extracting clinically significant information from imaging, biomarkers, and patient-level clinical data. We review recent advances across neurodegenerative disease detection using retinal biomarkers, automated recognition of optic disc swelling and its mimics, glaucoma screening and quantification, and classification of hereditary optic neuropathies. Using fundus photography and optical…

The efficacy and safety of reducing intraocular pressure to single-digit levels in Normal-tension glaucoma: A systematic review and meta-analysisCONCLUSIONS: Achieving single-digit IOP levels is associated with a significant reduction in visual field progression rates. However, the balance between efficacy and safety must be considered, as aggressive IOP reduction is also associated with a higher risk of hypotony-related complications. Postoperative hypotony was relatively frequent but generally transient and did not appear to have a…

Efficacy and safety of PreserFlo MicroShunt versus trabeculectomy in glaucoma patients: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of clinical outcomes and key covariatesNo abstract

Targeting CRBN With Thalidomide Suppresses Fibrosis After Glaucoma Drainage Surgery Through NF-kappaB Pathway InhibitionCONCLUSIONS: CRBN is a key protein regulating fibrosis following GDS. THD exerts anti-fibrotic effects by targeting CRBN and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. These findings unveil a novel intervention target, CRBN, for attenuating fibrogenesis after GDS.

The therapeutic potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomes for retinal and optic nerve diseasesBone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (BMSC-exos) represent a promising cell-free therapeutic strategy that offers significant advantages over cell transplantation in the treatment of retinal and optic nerve diseases. By mediating intercellular communication, these nanovesicles deliver bioactive cargo (miRNAs, proteins, lipids) that target key pathological processes such as neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, vascular dysfunction, and oxidative…

Evaluation of tube extender use in glaucoma management: insights from a cohort studyNo abstract

Compensatory responses to glaucoma pathology in the dorsolateral geniculate nucleusGlaucoma disrupts the conveyance of retinal signals to visual regions of the brain such as the dorsolateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) due to degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Although plasticity during development allows altered visual experience to modulate dLGN synapses and excitability, evidence for experience-dependent dLGN plasticity in adults is limited. However,…

Association of ocular symptom burden with sleep quality and psychological distress in patients with primary glaucoma: A cross-sectional studySleep problems and psychological distress are frequently reported by patients with primary glaucoma, yet the contribution of day‑to‑day ocular symptom burden has not been quantified with standard sleep and mental‑health metrics. We performed a single‑center cross‑sectional study of consecutive adults with primary glaucoma. Patients completed the study questionnaire, chart data provided visual acuity, visual field…

A Comparison of Vessel Density in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma and Normal-Tension Glaucoma Patients Using OCT AngiographyCONCLUSION: Global vessel density parameters did not differ significantly between NTG and POAG eyes of similar severity. The observed trend toward lower peripapillary vessel density in early NTG may indicate a possible vascular contribution in early disease, but this finding is preliminary and requires confirmation in larger, prospective studies.

Deep Learning-Predicted RNFL Loss and Incident Glaucoma in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on AgingCONCLUSIONS: Deep learning-derived RNFL estimates from fundus photographs were associated with clinically meaningful structural change and predicted incident glaucoma in a population-based cohort. These findings highlight the potential of fundus-based deep learning models to enable glaucoma risk stratification in settings where OCT is impractical or unavailable.

Salvaging a Failed PreserFlo MicroShunt Using a Telescopic Tube-in-Tube Connection Technique With an EyePlate Implant: A Case ReportThe PreserFlo MicroShunt is a subconjunctival glaucoma drainage device designed to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) via a minimally invasive approach. However, device failure due to bleb fibrosis remains a significant clinical challenge, especially when initial revision surgery is unsuccessful. We present a 75-year-old male with pseudoexfoliation glaucoma who previously underwent PreserFlo MicroShunt implantation and a…

Hypotension and antiphlogistic potential of empagliflozin ocular film: swelling and release kineticsCONCLUSION: A hydroxypropyl methylcellulose-based ocular film containing empagliflozin and silicon dioxide could be used to manage intraocular pressure and inflammation in a controlled manner in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Vitreous Incarceration in a Glaucoma Tube Visualized by Asteroid HyalosisNo abstract

Protective effect of trans-resveratrol against excitotoxic retinal injury: Focus on renin-angiotensin system and adenosine interactionNMDA-mediated excitotoxic retinal injury, altered renin-angiotensin system (RAS) expression and adenosine receptor (AR) signaling are associated with glaucomatous retinal ganglion cells loss. Trans-resveratrol protects against NMDA-induced retinal injury via adenosine receptors. It also alters RAS expressions in relation to cardiovascular functions. However, the mechanistic links remain unclear. We hypothesized that the protective effect of trans-resveratrol…

Targeting the cGAS-STING pathway in ophthalmology: from innate immunity to therapeutic innovationThe cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway is a key mediator of the innate immune response to cytosolic DNA, with growing implications beyond traditional host defense mechanisms. Recent research has linked the abnormal activation of this pathway to a wide range of ocular diseases, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, corneal injuries,…

Detection of Structural Glaucoma Progression with Deep Learning on Serial Optic Disc PhotographsCONCLUSION: Our twin CNN model is able to detect glaucoma progression with clinically relevant accuracy. Deep learning is promising as an adjunctive method for clinical decision-making for detection of structural glaucoma progression.

Impact of ageing on progressive thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Normal ageing contributed around one half of RNFLT thinning observed in patients treated for glaucoma.

Isobaric quantitative proteomics reveals altered extracellular matrix, cytoskeletal, and degradation pathways in glaucomatous trabecular meshwork cellsNo abstract

Vision-related quality of life after phacoemulsification combined with goniosynechialysis and goniotomy in patients with primary angle-closure glaucoma and cataractNo abstract

Performance of retrospectively and prospectively-reported falls data in predicting future falls: results from the Falls in Glaucoma StudyNo abstract

Ionic Liquid Pilocarpine Serves as Therapeutic Cosolvent and Permeation Enhancer for Glaucoma MedicationThe efficacy of hydrophobic ocular drugs is significantly hindered by their low bioavailability, for which poor water solubility is a major contributing factor. In this work, we synthesized pilocarpine-derived ionic liquid [Pilo-OEG] Cl (PO) and evaluated its cosolvent properties for the codelivery of the hydrophobic antiglaucoma drug brimonidine (BM) for glaucoma therapy. Pilocarpine was quaternized…

Controlled Release of Thermosensitive Hydrogel Incorporating Betaxolol-Loaded Resin Microspheres for Glaucoma TherapyGlaucoma therapy is often limited by poor ocular bioavailability and the short residence time of conventional eye drops, highlighting the need for sustained-release delivery systems. This study presents the development of a thermosensitive in situ hydrogel incorporating cation-exchange resin (CER) for sustained delivery of betaxolol hydrochloride (BH) in glaucoma therapy. CER microspheres were prepared using…

GHRHR Deficiency Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Visual Functions in Experimental Glaucoma by Inhibiting FerroptosisGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. One hallmark of glaucoma is the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In this study, a dual role for growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) modulation under glaucoma-relevant conditions and complementary injury paradigms involving the RGCs is identified. Using acute IOP elevation (retinal ischemia-reperfusion), chronic ocular hypertension…

Multi-ancestry genome-wide association study in all of Us for primary open-angle glaucomaNo abstract

Cellular responses of human Muller glia exposed to test dust pollutionAir pollution is a global environmental hazard and is associated with increased severity and progression of several retinal diseases, including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Muller glial are radial glia in the retina that play essential roles in metabolic support, redox balance and neuroprotection. Despite their importance, the effects of pollution on retinal glial responses…

Brain-Computer Interfaces for Vision Recovery in Precortical Vision LossCONCLUSION: BCIs are a promising experimental modality for precortical vision restoration. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to address current limitations.

Topographic Agreement of Retinal Nerve Fiber and Ganglion Cell Loss Improves Incipient Glaucoma DetectionCONCLUSIONS: Combining corresponding sectors of the GCIPL and RNFL, and factoring in their correlation, produces a model with strong diagnostic accuracy both in early and incipient glaucoma. Attention to corresponding GCIPL and RNFL thickness loss in these sectors can help clinicians detect incipient glaucoma.

Next-generation polymer-based nanofiber ocular inserts: fabrication innovations, therapeutic applications, regulatory perspectives, and future directionsThe intricate architecture and physiology of the eye present ocular drug delivery with a significant challenge, resulting in restricted drug absorption and an insufficient therapeutic impact. Conventional delivery systems, however, fail to maintain an effective drug concentration over time, resulting in inadequate patient compliance and suboptimal treatment outcomes. Nanofiber-based ocular inserts have emerged as a…

Family Screening in Glaucoma: A Scoping ReviewCONCLUSION: Over 30% of relatives of known primary glaucoma patients either have glaucoma or are diagnosed as suspects. Response rate to screening programs is low. These programs should focus on directly engaging with the relatives. More evidence is required to identify the ideal age at which glaucoma screening needs to commence.

Characterisation of Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Colombia: A Multicentric StudyTo describe the ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Colombia. We conducted a retrospective observational study of electronic medical records from MS patients evaluated at three referral centres in Bogotá, Colombia, between 2013 and 2020. Inclusion criteria comprised adult patients diagnosed with MS, confirmed by neurologists following the 2017 McDonald criteria. Data on…

A Framework of Hybrid Deep Learning and Nature-Inspired algorithms for Accurate Multi-Class Fundus Disease ClassificationFundus imaging is an essential technique for detecting anatomical changes indicative of various ophthalmological diseases. These alterations-including changes in the macula, optic disc, fovea, and blood vessels-can signal conditions such as diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, cataracts, and myopia. In this paper, we propose a novel hybrid framework for classifying multi-class fundus images by…

B Vitamins and Ocular HealthThe B vitamins are a varied family whose members are integral to metabolic pathways and cellular processes throughout the body. Unlike vitamins A, C, and E, the B complex has generally not been considered among the key ingredients of supplements intended to maintain eye health and prevent age-related disease and vision loss. This perspective may…

Carotid intima-media thickness in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma: epidemiological and structural evidence from a cross-sectional studyCONCLUSION: This study observes an association between increased CIMT and POAG, especially in women and individuals with genetic susceptibility. These findings suggest that CIMT may be a useful biomarker with potential clinical relevance and propose possible vascular mechanisms underlying disease progression.

Optimizing Filtration Surgery Procedures in African-Derived Populations: Trabeculectomy and PreserfloCONCLUSION: These insights support the delivery of culturally informed, evidence-based glaucoma care tailored to patients from African-derived backgrounds. By adopting a personalised and proactive approach, healthcare professionals may achieve more consistent and favourable surgical outcomes in this high-risk group.

Remodelling of the lamina cribrosa of the sclera in optic nerve axonal injuryCONCLUSION: Remodelling of the LC of the sclera characterized by a predominance of collagenous tissue, primarily perivascularly, and accompanied by deformation of the anterior LC surface in individuals older than 60 years, together with a tendency toward increased deviation of ON axons passing through the LC, should be considered potential risk factors for ON axonal…

Trends in glaucoma morbidity in UzbekistanCONCLUSION: The findings confirm the growing relevance of glaucoma as a serious medical and social problem, particularly among the adult population. The results may serve as a basis for developing effective preventive measures and optimizing treatment strategies to reduce the rate of irreversible vision loss.

Comparative Effectiveness of Timolol-Based Fixed-Combination Regimens for Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study Using Target Trial Emulation FrameworkCONCLUSIONS: In a nationwide real-world setting, PGA/timolol demonstrated superior long-term effectiveness compared with both CAI/timolol and AA/timolol, resulting in lower treatment failure rates and reduced need for additional medications or procedures. These findings suggest that PGA/timolol may be associated with the most favorable long-term effectiveness among timolol-based fixed combinations.

Two-color fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for <em>in vivo</em> mouse retinal ganglion cell imaging at the single-cell levelFluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) provides high-resolution en face imaging of the retina to investigate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in both small animals and humans. Multicolor fluorescence SLO can further extend the anatomical and functional imaging capabilities; however, its in vivo implementation remains challenging due to optical aberrations, limited labeling strategies, and the need for…

PAUL Glaucoma Implant versus Ahmed Glaucoma Valve in Pediatric Glaucoma Following Congenital Cataract SurgeryCONCLUSION: PGI and AGV showed comparable efficacy, safety, and surgical success in children with GFCS.

Efficacy and Safety of Preservative-Free versus Preserved Latanoprost in Glaucoma and Ocular Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisCONCLUSION: PFL have comparable IOP-lowering efficacy compared to PL, with superior ocular tolerability. These findings support the use of PFL as a suitable alternative to PL, particularly in patients sensitive to preservatives.

Outcomes of Drainage Device Surgery in Uveitic Glaucoma: Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCONCLUSION: Ahmed, Baerveldt, Molteno and PAUL® Glaucoma Implant are effective surgical options for UG management. However, current evidence remains scarce for novel devices, and the differences in efficacy and complication profiles among devices warrant consideration in individualized treatment planning.

Care Continuity and Risk of Glaucoma Surgery in Newly Diagnosed Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Low care continuity is associated with increased risk of glaucoma surgery in patients with POAG. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving care continuity in patients with POAG should be considered to improve glaucoma treatment outcomes.

Short-Term Efficacy and Safety of Preserflo MicroShunt Surgery in Glaucoma Eyes with and without High MyopiaCONCLUSIONS: PMS implantation effectively lowered IOP in both groups; however, surgical success was reduced in HM eyes, suggesting decreased short-term surgical stability.

Anterior Chamber Angle Changes and Surgical Outcomes After Combined Phacoemulsification and High-Frequency Deep Sclerotomy: A Prospective AS-OCT StudyCONCLUSIONS: Combined phacoemulsification and HFDS provide sustained IOP reduction and medication decrease over 18 months. AS-OCT shows postoperative angle widening and suggests that 750-µm posterior angle measurements may reflect surgical outcomes.

Refractive Outcomes of Toric Intraocular Lenses in Combined Phacoemulsification and Trabeculectomy SurgeryCONCLUSION: Toric IOLs offer safe and effective astigmatism correction in combined Phacotrabeculectomy when performed using a standardized technique, with visual and refractive outcomes comparable to standalone cataract surgery.

Effectiveness of a Hybrid Telemedicine Model for Glaucoma ManagementCONCLUSION: Approximately 95% of telemedicine visits had findings and assessments consistent with both preceding and subsequent in-person visits, indicating the effectiveness of a hybrid telemedicine model for monitoring and managing glaucoma progression.

Socioeconomic impact assessment of low vision and blindness on patients and households in ThailandCONCLUSION: Low vision and blindness due to incurable bilateral eye disease were associated with substantial income loss and transition out of paid employment, underscoring the need for integrated rehabilitation and social protection policies to address functional and socioeconomic needs.

Clinical features, management, and long-term visual outcomes of glaucoma associated with cosmetic iris implantsNo abstract

Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy (PPRCA): a systematic reviewCONCLUSION: PPRCA remains a clinically heterogeneous and under-recognised condition without standardised diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. This review highlights the need for consensus diagnostic criteria, longitudinal registries, and collaborative studies to improve clinical care and inform future research into its pathogenesis and management.

Targeted Management of Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema Syndrome by Selective Haptic Removal: A Case ReportCONCLUSION: In selected cases of UGH syndrome, complete IOL exchange may be unnecessary. When the optic is well centred and the capsular bag intact, removal of the offending haptic alone can abolish pathological iris-IOL contact and resolve UGH manifestations.

No Optic Pit Retinoschisis (NOPIR): A Risk Factor for GlaucomaPurpose: Peripapillary and macular retinoschisis can occur without visible optic pits or advanced glaucomatous optic atrophy, a condition referred to as no optic pit retinoschisis (NOPIR). This study sought to further define the clinical features of NOPIR in a single-center case series. Methods: A retrospective study of consecutive cases of NOPIR was performed at The…

Progressive Intramembranous Cystic Changes in Macular Hole-Associated Epiretinal Proliferation Over 3 YearsPurpose: To describe the progressive morphologic changes of macular hole (MH)-associated epiretinal proliferation over long-term follow-up and to explore potential pathologic mechanisms. Methods: A single case was retrospectively reviewed. Results: A patient with a history of open-angle glaucoma and proliferative diabetic retinopathy maintained stable visual acuity (VA) of 6/9 OD and 6/18 OS over 2…

1β,6α-Dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene Protects Against MPP<sup>+</sup>-Induced Cytotoxicity in SH-SY5Y Cells: An <em>In Vitro</em> Model of Parkinson's DiseaseParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, which regulates body movements. 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP^(+)) is a widely used neurotoxin for studying the neurodegenerative process in PD models. 1β,6α-Dihydroxyeudesm-4(15)-ene (DE) is a sesquiterpene isolated from myrrh, previously reported to exhibit anti-neuroinflammatory effects. This study aimed to investigate…

Discovery of New Hydrazonothiazolines as Bovine and Human Carbonic Anhydrase-II Inhibitors: In-vitro, Kinetics, Selectivity and Molecular Dynamics ExplorationCONCLUSION: Those identified inhibitors could serve as a skeleton to design more potent CA-II inhibitors in the future.

Research Prospects for the Mitochondria in Glaucoma: A Bibliometric AnalysisCONCLUSION: This study provided a comprehensive analysis of scientific advancements in this field, highlighting the pivotal role of mitochondrial dysfunction in glaucoma pathogenesis and proposing strategic directions for developing novel therapeutic approaches in ophthalmic disorders.

Heat shock protein 40 enhances axon regeneration in a mouse model of traumatic optic neuropathyRetinal ganglion cell death occurs following injury to the optic nerve either by trauma or in disease such as glaucoma, leading to severe vision loss. Recent innovations have demonstrated that optic nerve regeneration is feasible; however, the regeneration is limited. The aim of the present study is to identify genomic elements enhancing axon regeneration. We…

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy and Its Masquerades: A Comprehensive Diagnostic ReviewNon-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute optic neuropathy in individuals over 50 years and presents with sudden, painless vision loss. However, due to the limited phenotypic repertoire of optic nerve injury, other conditions can closely mimic NAION, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. This review outlines the key clinical, imaging and systemic…

Longsha Kaihe Liuqi acupuncture in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma: a randomized controlled trialCONCLUSION: Longsha Kaihe Liuqi acupuncture combined with intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops can reduce IOP and regulate 24 h intraocular pressure rhythm, improve visual field and ameliorate TCM syndromes of POAG patients.

Surgical Techniques for the Virna Glaucoma Implant: A Low-Cost New Glaucoma Drainage Device-ResponseNo abstract

Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for the Management of Diverse Glaucoma Types: A Multicenter Short-Term Real-World StudyCONCLUSION: MP-TSCPC safely provides sustained IOP control and medication reduction across diverse glaucoma types, supporting its role as a versatile alternative for both refractory and functional eyes with glaucoma. The real-world, multicenter nature of this study enhances its external validity, although its retrospective design and 12-month follow-up limit long-term generalizability.

Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation in Refractory Glaucoma: Two-year Results of a Prospective Multicenter StudyCONCLUSION: MP-TSCPC appears to be a safe and effective treatment option for refractory glaucoma.

Safety and Feasibility of the Exchange Procedure for the Travoprost Intracameral Implant for Open-Angle Glaucoma or Ocular HypertensionCONCLUSIONS: Travoprost intracameral implant demonstrated an acceptable safety profile both during and after the exchange procedure, supporting its re-administration.

Time and person sensitive foundation model for disease prediction and risk stratificationFoundation models (FMs) enable generalizable medical AI, but existing retinal FMs perform best on cross-sectional classification and detection and are less effective for predicting disease incidence and progression. We present RETFound Plus, a CFP-based FM trained with temporal modeling on 1,304,292 fundus photographs from 304,345 participants across multiple visits to learn progression-aware representations. Compared with…

Nanomicelles in Ocular Drug Delivery: Overcoming Barriers and Enhancing Therapeutic EfficacyThis study provides a comprehensive overview of nanomicelle-based drug delivery methods used to treat ocular disorders. A review of current literature was conducted by scanning electronic databases up until December 2024, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Keywords such as "Nanomicelles" and specific ocular conditions including "Glaucoma," "Conjunctivitis," "Cataract," and "Retinopathy" were…

Efficient electrochemical defluorination of fluorinated drugs in aqueous medium with product monitoring by ion selective electrode/mass spectrometry methodsThe electrochemical defluorination of fluorinated pharmaceuticals, including widely used antibiotics levofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, as well as ripasudil, a glaucoma treatment drug, was investigated in aqueous media within the hydrogen evolution potential range. Efficient cleavage of C-F bonds was achieved under mild electroreduction conditions and confirmed by mass spectrometry and potentiometric determination of released fluoride ions…

Comparison of the illness perception between age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma patients living in a middle-income countryThe aim of this cross-sectional study was to compare the cognitive and emotional representations of illness in patients with primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) living in a developing country. All subjects answered the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire (Brief IPQ) to assess mental defeat. The summed scores were compared among the…

New In Situ Gel Eye Formulation Based on Aristoflex and Xanthan Gum in the Management of Glaucoma Disease: Nonclinical StudiesCONCLUSION: Therefore, the research provided a brief explanation that the combination of AF and XG can be utilized in in situ gels owing to its high retention time and reduced harmful effects for ocular illnesses.

Case-matched comparison of combined phacoemulsification with ab-interno trabeculectomy via Kahook dual blade and trabectome in a Caucasian populationThe purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the outcomes after combined phacoemulsification and ab-interno trabeculectomy via Kahook Dual Blade (KDB) and Trabectome, being represented in two groups of patients of Caucasian ethnicity with matched baseline criteria. We included 60 eyes of 49 participants being treated for cataract, of which 30 eyes underwent additional…

Applying Motivational Interviewing to Improve Counseling on Glaucoma Management and Medication Adherence: A Pilot Study With Ophthalmology ResidentsCONCLUSIONS: A brief MI workshop improved residents' confidence and MI skills in glaucoma counseling. This specialty-specific adaptation of MI for resident education may be extended to other fields seeking to integrate MI education into their specialty.

Routine blood tests and machine learning identify complications in high myopiaHigh myopia can lead to cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularisation, and macular degeneration, causing irreversible vision loss. Imaging detects these complications, but population screening is limited by equipment, and specialist availability. Here we show that a machine learning model using routine blood test results identifies people at increased risk of complications related to high…

Comparative efficacy of glaucoma drainage device versus ab-interno trabeculotomy in vitrectomized eyes with secondary glaucomaNo abstract

Management of traumatic corneal wounds that do not seal after primary closure: a systematic reviewCONCLUSIONS: Conservative approaches may have a high initial success rate, although these findings were based on a single retrospective study. When conservative approaches were unsuitable or unsuccessful, resuturing leaking wounds was successful in most cases, while lamellar and full-thickness corneal grafting and scleral autograft were additional options.

Report Generation System for Slit-Lamp Image Interpretation Using Vision-Language ModelsCONCLUSIONS: This study introduced a framework for SL report generation, which enhanced ophthalmic image interpretation and highlighted the potential of VLMs to assist ophthalmologists and patients.

Immunomodulation of the Ocular Surface in Severe Dry Eye Disease: Expert-Driven Literature Review on Treatment Strategies with Description of Representative Challenging CasesCONCLUSIONS: Autoimmune-related DED requires a stepwise treatment regimen for the stabilization of the ocular surface and the prevention of irreversible damage. This approach involves an initial short course of corticosteroids, followed by sustained immunomodulation (with CsA as the cornerstone), and supplemented by adjunctive therapies targeting meibomian glands and ocular surface epithelium. Multidisciplinary coordination and regular…

Glaucoma Management Therapies and Clinical Outcomes in an African Population: A Review of Prospective StudiesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in Africa, with disease burden exacerbated by limited access to eye care, shortages of trained ophthalmologists, and socioeconomic disparities. This review synthesizes prospective and interventional studies evaluating glaucoma management modalities and associated clinical outcomes in an African population. Trabeculectomy remains the predominant surgical intervention, achieving success rates…

Glaucoma Classification Using a NFNet-Based Deep Learning Model with a Customized Hybrid Attention MechanismBackground/Objectives: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, making accurate and efficient detection methods essential. One primary concern with glaucoma is that it often presents no early symptoms. Vision loss typically begins at the periphery and progresses unnoticed until it significantly affects central vision. Due to this gradual and usually silent progression, early…

Genetic analysis and clinical characteristics of sporadic and familial congenital cataracts in southern Chinese familiesINTRODUCTION: Congenital cataract is a major cause of blindness and severe visual impairment in children. It may occur as an isolated ocular abnormality or in combination with microcornea, microphthalmia, aniridia, or glaucoma. It can also be part of syndromic conditions. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is now recognized as an appropriate first-line approach for genetic testing in…

Lens extraction combined with circumferential ab interno trabeculotomy to treat pigmentary glaucomaNo abstract

Incidence and Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Patients with Uveitis and Scleritis in the TriNetX DatabaseCONCLUSION: There is increased risk of depression, anxiety, or SI in patients with uveitis or scleritis, including those with ocular complications or those prescribed systemic corticosteroids. These data highlight the need for physicians to consider a psychiatric review of systems into clinic visits for treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions.

Optic Disc Structural Progression in Glaucoma Suspect Eyes with Microvascular DropoutCONCLUSION: In glaucoma suspect eyes, the presence of both MvD and β-zone PPA progression were independently associated with structural optic disc progression. These structural changes were observed in glaucoma suspect eyes that remained clinically stable and did not convert to perimetric glaucoma during the period of observation in this study. Recognition of these changes may…

Spherical Equivalent Refraction versus Axial Length for Monitoring Childhood Myopia and Estimating Disease Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCONCLUSIONS: Absolute AL thresholds clearly identify a small tail of very long eyes at high retinal risk, but SER better captures cataract and POAG risk gradients across the myopic range that most patients will reach. SER should be the primary progression and risk metric for monitoring childhood myopia control, with AL used selectively to monitor…

The Benefits and Risks of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists on Ocular Diseases: A Narrative ReviewGlucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) are incretin-based agents used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. This class of medications mimics the action of the endogenous GLP-1 hormone, enhances insulin secretion, delays gastric emptying, causes early satiety, lowers systemic glycemic levels, and results in weight loss. There are emerging concerns about…

Targeting CDH13 as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate pathological ocular angiogenesisNo abstract

Real world practice of Artificial intelligence Diagnostic System for Diabetic Retinopathy in TaiwanCONCLUSION: Verisee demonstrated high accuracy in detecting RDR but exhibited reduced performance in older patients. It had a higher referral rate than ophthalmologists yet missed certain conditions such as glaucoma. Despite effectiveness in DR screening, further refinement is required to support broader ophthalmic disease detection.

VEGF and Neurotrophins Interaction in the Retinal Neurovascular Unit Homeostasis: A Target for Ocular Disease Treatment and ManagementEmerging evidence underscores the central role of the retinal neurovascular unit (RNVU) in the pathogenesis of major retinal disorders, including diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma. Traditionally considered as primarily vascular diseases, these conditions are now increasingly recognized to involve early neurodegenerative processes that may precede vascular dysfunction. Although anti-VEGF therapies have revolutionized the…

Artificial substitutes for Descemet's membrane - corneal endothelium complex: state of the artDescemet's membrane (DM) serves as the specialized basement membrane that supports corneal endothelial cells (CECs), which actively maintain corneal transparency and fluid balance. In diseases like Fuchs' dystrophy and pseudophakic bullous keratopathy, damage to DM and the endothelial cell layer leads to corneal edema and significant visual impairment, often necessitating surgical intervention. Traditional endothelial keratoplasty…

Uveal melanoma associated with Nevus of Ota in a German Shepherd dogA 4-year-old male German Shepherd dog was presented with a 3-day history of ocular pain in the right eye. The owner reported facial skin hyperpigmentation on the right side since puppyhood, consistent with a congenital condition known as Nevus of Ota or (oculo)dermal melanocytosis. Ophthalmological examination of the right eye revealed diffuse corneal oedema, vascular…

Association between concurrent orbital fracture and reduced glaucoma risk following ocular contusionCONCLUSION: Ocular contusion is associated with sustained glaucoma risk. Concurrent orbital fracture is associated with reduced risk, possibly by dissipating traumatic forces, and may aid in glaucoma risk stratification and long-term surveillance.

Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma By Optical Coherence Tomography: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysisOptical coherence tomography (OCT) diagnostic technology is increasingly being integrated into clinical practice and is evolving rapidly. Performing a meta-analysis of these advancements can provide valuable insights to clinicians and healthcare decision-makers and help identify gaps that need further research and development. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) comparing the diagnostic accuracy…

Association Between Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Central Serous ChorioretinopathyCONCLUSIONS: PXG is associated with an increased hazard of developing CSCR compared with POAG. These findings suggest that PXG may be associated with an increased susceptibility to posterior segment vascular pathology. Prospective studies incorporating longitudinal imaging are warranted to further elucidate shared choroidal mechanisms underlying this association.

Protective Role of Metformin in Glaucoma: Prospective Cohort Study, Meta-Analysis, and Drug-Target Mendelian RandomizationCONCLUSIONS: Convergent evidence from cohort, meta-analytic, and genetic analyses supports a possible protective association between metformin use and glaucoma among patients with diabetes. These findings support the need for randomized clinical trials to evaluate metformin's potential as a preventive glaucoma therapy in individuals with diabetes.

Reply to Comment on "Artificial Intelligence-Guided Endpoint Selection for Neuroprotection Trials in Glaucoma"No abstract

Depression and Anxiety After Topical Carbonic Anhydrase InhibitorsCONCLUSIONS: Topical CAI use was associated with an increased risk of developing depression, initiating antidepressant therapy, and experiencing anxiety disorders within the first year of treatment. These findings highlight the importance of monitoring neuropsychiatric adverse effects in glaucoma patients receiving topical CAIs.

Paying attention to challenges in clinical research on optic neuroprotection in primary open-angle glaucomaPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a common type of glaucoma in clinical practice and an important irreversible blinding eye disease. Basic and clinical research related to optic nerve protection has been conducted in related fields for many years, but there is still a lack of methods that can truly exert optic nerve protection in POAG…

Autophagy in ocular diseases: from mechanisms to therapeutic potentialAutophagy represents a fundamental and evolutionarily preserved mechanism of degradation and metabolism in eukaryotic cells. This process is triggered by a variety of stressors, including nutrient deprivation, energy deficits, protein misfolding, low oxygen levels, and pathogen infections by pathogens. Autophagy plays a vital role in maintaining cellular equilibrium. The process of vision is notably complex,…

Establishment of the 4R classification system of minimally invasive glaucoma surgeryMinimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) is characterized by minimal injuries and complications, with its surgical volume increasing annually in China. It encompasses a diverse range of surgical techniques. To accurately understand and select appropriate surgical indications and ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes, this article emphasizes the necessity of proposing a new classification system for MIGS. By…

A case study of pars plana vitrectomy with scleral flaps covering a two-point sutured scleral-fixated intraocular lens in a tertiary care eye hospitalCONCLUSION: The mean BCVA improved from preoperative to postoperative 1 day, 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months (P < 0.001) using this technique. This technique, which is more time-consuming, offers advantages over other available options, including improved stability, reduced risk of complications, and enhanced visual outcome.

Chinese expert consensus on the management of glaucoma as a chronic disease (2026)With the rapid aging of the population in China, the prevalence of glaucoma, as the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, continues to rise. The limited public awareness of glaucoma, coupled with inadequate diagnostic and therapeutic capacity at the primary healthcare level, substantially impedes early detection and timely intervention. As a chronic and progressive optic…

Assessment of driving safety in non-professional drivers with moderate to severe glaucomaCONCLUSION: Patients with moderate to advanced glaucoma with reduced CS face significant difficulties while driving. It is necessary to establish precise rules regarding vision standards for driving license issues and renewal in India so that motor vehicle accidents can be prevented due to vision-related impairments.

Clinical observation of the 6-month safety of the corneal endothelium after trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty surgeryObjective: To evaluate the safety of trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty (3T) in treating primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by observing the changes in corneal endothelial cell quantity and morphology after surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. Patients diagnosed with POAG who underwent successful 3T surgery were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First…

A Study on Prevalence of Malarial Retinopathy among Malaria Cases and to Determine Its Presence as a Marker of Severe Malaria: Observations from Eastern IndiaCONCLUSION: Malarial retinopathy may serve as an important clinical biomarker for predicting severe malaria. All clinicians should be appropriately trained in performing direct ophthalmoscopy to detect the retinopathy changes.

Clinical presentation, association, laser prophylaxis, and long-term surgical outcomes of 25G vitrectomy in fundal coloboma with retinal detachmentCONCLUSION: 25G PPV is a safe and effective surgical modality for managing fundal coloboma-associated retinal detachment, demonstrating favorable anatomical and functional outcomes. The prospective design, consistent surgical technique, and involvement of a single experienced surgeon contribute to the robustness and reliability of the results. Given the notable incidence of complications such as glaucoma and silicone…

The Application of a Deep Learning Algorithm for the Segmentation of Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Across Different Optic Neuropathies CONCLUSIONS: RNFL-Net can accurately segment RNFL, whereas standard OCT devices produce lower measurements, especially in disc edema.

Effect of Oral Opioid Prescription on Rates of Postoperative Pain among Ophthalmology Subspecialties: A Large Database Analysis CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative opioid prescriptions were associated with small absolute reductions in pain diagnoses in selected subspecialties, including cornea, glaucoma, oculoplastics, and trauma, but not cataract, retina, or strabismus. Opioid prescriptions offered no consistent benefit in reducing ER visits and were linked to higher ER visit rates in some subspecialties. These findings highlight the limited clinical…

rAAV prostaglandin-based gene therapy lowers intraocular pressure and preserves optic nerve health in glaucomatous DBA/2J mice Open-angle glaucoma (OAG) affects approximately 57.5 million individuals worldwide and is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and irreversible optic nerve damage resulting from chronic ocular hypertension. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only major modifiable risk factor in OAG and clinical treatments necessarily aim to lower IOP in order to preserve…

The impact of polycystic ovarian syndrome on ocular health ImportanceOcular manifestations of polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), particularly related to elevated testosterone, are understudied.ObjectiveTo evaluate prevalence and odds of ocular diseases in PCOS patients using large-scale electronic health records (EHRs).DesignCross-sectional study comparing females aged 15-50 with PCOS (n = 494,557) to two controls: total female population (n = 32,162,331) and BMI ≥30 (n = 4,895,226),…

Predicting Visual Outcomes in Congenital Posterior Lens Opacities: A Deep Learning Model Using Ultra-Widefield Fundus Images CONCLUSIONS: The LOPS on UWF fundus images can be accurately segmented by DL model. A dense-SODR ≤14.0 is associated with optimal visual outcomes, offering a novel, valuable predictor for visual outcomes in CPLO.

Assessment of the diagnostic accuracy of clinical signs in feline diffuse iris melanoma CONCLUSION: Based on clinical evaluation, the accuracy of the clinical diagnosis was correct in 85.07% of all cats with high sensitivity and low specificity. The strongest predictor of a correct clinical diagnosis of FDIM was iris thickening.

MaxGRNet: A multi-axis vision transformer with improved generalization for eye disease classification using explainable AI with insertion-deletion operations on fundus images Eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and cataracts, represent a major global health concern and can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if not identified in a timely manner. This study proposes a novel eye disease classification framework based on a multi-axis vision transformer (MaxViT) applied to color fundus images with Explainable Artificial…

Real-time intraocular pressure monitoring and responsive drug release in preclinical models by an all-polymer smart contact lens Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, yet conventional topical therapies are often hampered by poor patient adherence, and standard in-office applanation tonometry captures only static measurements, failing to capture the dynamic nature of intraocular pressure (IOP). Smart contact lenses have emerged as promising tools for home-based, real-time IOP monitoring and feedback-guided therapy;…

A Cross-Sectional Study on the Prevalence and Risk Factors of Steroid-Induced Glaucoma at a Tertiary Eye Care HospitalCONCLUSION: SIG is a preventable cause of vision loss. Early detection, rational steroid use, regular IOP monitoring, and public education are essential to mitigate this iatrogenic burden.

Intraocular Ependymoma in a Child - Case reportCONCLUSION: Although extremely rare, intraocular ependymoma should be included as part of the differential diagnosis of retinal and ciliary body tumors in childhood.

Extravascular Motion Signal Detected by OCT Angiography Indicates Altered Vascular-Tissue Biomechanical Interactions in GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: We report a novel OCTA EVM signal representing pulsatile tissue displacement caused by the cardiac cycle, most commonly adjacent to arteries, more prominent in EG eyes, and strongly influenced by IOP, which may be indicative of altered biomechanical properties of the vasculature and/or paravascular retinal parenchyma.

Effect of peripapillary atrophy on parameters of the optic nerve head, the peripapillary region and the macula in eyes with myopiaBACKGROUND: To examine the impact of peripapillary atrophy (PPA) on retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCL-IPL), and Bruch's membrane opening-minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) in non-glaucomatous myopic eyes.

Spontaneous anterior lens dislocation: case report and surgical managementCONCLUSION: Spontaneous anterior lens dislocation requires early diagnosis and individualized surgical management to ensure safe outcomes and reduce the risk of vision-threatening complications.

Efficacy and Safety of Ranibizumab Combined with Dexamethasone Intravitreal Implant Sequential Therapy for Macular Edema Secondary to Non-Ischemic Retinal Vein OcclusionCONCLUSION: Sequential therapy with ranibizumab and dexamethasone implant offers superior clinical efficacy over ranibizumab monotherapy for RVO-ME. This regimen leverages a synergistic mechanism to provide better mid- to long-term visual gains, faster anatomical restoration, and a reduced treatment burden. The safety profile remains favorable with manageable risks.

Integrating clinical and genetic insights in anterior segment dysgenesis with glaucoma: A contemporary reviewPurposeAnterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of congenital ocular malformations resulting from disrupted differentiation of neural crest-derived tissues. These disorders frequently lead to developmental glaucoma, a major cause of childhood blindness. This review summarizes the current clinical, genetic, and management perspectives on ASD associated with glaucoma.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and…

Spontaneously arrested primary congenital glaucomaThis case report explores a unique instance of primary congenital glaucoma (PCG), where the expected progression was unexpectedly halted without intervention. A 17-year-old female patient presented with diminished vision and left eye exotropia since early childhood. Examination revealed normal right eye vision, but the left eye had significantly reduced visual acuity, manifest exotropia, and megalocornea…

Identification and management of Descemet's membrane detachment during glaucoma and cataract surgeryDescemet's membrane detachment (DMD) is defined as the detachment of Descemet's membrane that occurs spontaneously or secondary to intraocular surgery. This review focuses on the characteristics and incidence of DMD following phacoemulsification and glaucoma surgery, and aims to compare DMD cases after phacoemulsification (PCE) and different types of glaucoma surgery in terms of incidence, risk…

Efficacy and safety of the VISULAS green with option selective laser trabeculoplasty in pseudoexfoliative syndrome glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative syndrome ocular hypertensionCONCLUSION: SLT with the VISULAS® green laser is an effective and safe treatment for PEXG and PEXS-OHT, achieving significant IOP reduction without increasing medication burden or causing severe complications. These findings suggest its potential as an alternative or adjunct therapy in managing pseudoexfoliative glaucoma.

MYCN Amplification in RB1-Inactivated Retinoblastoma: Association With High-Risk FeaturesCONCLUSION: MYCN gain/amplification was identified in 7.2% of enucleated unilateral retinoblastomas, all of which showed RB1 inactivation. MYCN amplification was associated with more advanced disease and more aggressive clinical and histopathological features.

Identification of Brimonidine as a Novel Substrate of Organic Cation Transporters OCT2 and MATE1 Expressed in Human EyeCONCLUSIONS: These results imply that OCT2 and MATE1 may play a role in brimonidine uptake into the human eye and may contribute to the interindividual variability of brimonidine concentrations and effects.

Nonaxonal content of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fiber layer in experimental glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: The number of nonaxonal cells and capillary volume density in the circumpapillary RNFL are similar for stable glaucomatous eyes compared to the healthy eyes. Regional differences and changes in nonaxonal contribution to the nerve fiber layer thickness should be considered when assessing clinical RNFL thickness measures.

Artificial Intelligence in Neurology and Neuro-Ophthalmology: Current Applications and Future DirectionsArtificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing neuro-ophthalmology by enhancing diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making. Techniques like deep learning, convolutional neural networks, and transfer learning effectively detect conditions such as optic neuropathies, papilledema, and glaucoma through imaging analysis. AI also supports patient triage, monitors disease progression, and streamlines workflows. However, challenges remain, including limited datasets, validation issues,...

Glaucomatous Remodeling of the Lamina Cribrosa: Association With Visual Field ProgressionCONCLUSIONS: Glaucomatous remodeling of the LC is associated with VF progression in POAGs. The association between longitudinal structural remodeling and functional progression varies with age such that older individuals exhibit shallower remodeling (less posterior change in ALCSD and LCCI). Subjects with a higher IOP and thinner CCT showed greater posterior remodeling of the LC as…

Impact of glaucoma on quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis in EthiopiaCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Nearly half of Ethiopian glaucoma patients experience impaired QoL. The certainty of this evidence is low to very low due to cross-sectional study designs and limited representativeness. Strengthening early detection, equitable access to eye care, patient education, and psychosocial support is essential, while community-based longitudinal studies are needed to generate higher-quality evidence.

Long-term visual field evaluation of trabeculectomy patients with a mean intraocular pressure below 15 mmHgThe purpose of this multicenter, longitudinal, retrospective, observational study was to evaluate the long-term visual field (VF) outcomes of glaucoma patients with a mean intraocular pressure (IOP) of less than 15 mmHg who underwent trabeculectomy (TRAB). Patients who underwent TRAB with at least 3 years of follow-up were divided into two groups: G1 (mean postoperative…

Cystoid macular oedema after trabeculectomy versus tube shunt surgery in non-diabetic patientsCONCLUSIONS: Trabeculectomy is associated with a significantly lower hazard of postoperative CME compared with tube shunt surgery in non-diabetic glaucoma patients.

Visual and Anatomic Outcomes in Delayed-Onset Endophthalmitis After Glaucoma Surgery: A 10-Year Case SeriesCONCLUSION: Early PPV combined with appropriate source-control procedures was associated with visual improvement and anatomical success in delayed-onset endophthalmitis after glaucoma surgery.

Multi-scale adaptive fusion network for retinal layer and fluid segmentation in optical coherence tomography B-scansMajor treats to visual health includes diabetic macular edema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO), which require prompt and correct interpretation for effective treatment. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an imaging modality, providing intense cross-sectional views of the retina to aid in diagnosis. Diagnosis and localization of retinal diseases were complicated…

Sectoral Analysis of Corneal Thickness in Glaucoma and Healthy Eyes and Its Relationship with RNFL and Rim AreaBackground/Objectives: To characterize sectoral corneal thickness (CT) profiles in eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) compared with healthy eyes and to evaluate potential associations between CT, retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and optic disc rim area (RA). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 192 participants (91 with POAG and 101 controls) contributed 297 eyes (145…

Ocular Color Doppler Ultrasound (OCDUS) in Diagnosis and Monitoring of Ophthalmological, Cerebrovascular and Systemic Diseases: A Narrative ReviewOcular Color Doppler ultrasound (OCDUS) has been underutilized in the past as a diagnostic technique, although several OCDUS-based studies were performed in the last 30 years for diagnosis or monitoring of some ophthalmological, cerebrovascular or systemic diseases. OCDUS can provide quantitative and reproducible measurements of the blood flow of the main orbital vessels at the…

The Role of Viral Infection and Microbial Dysbiosis in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic StrategiesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, yet vision loss often progresses despite effective intraocular pressure (IOP) control, suggesting the involvement of non-hydrodynamic mechanisms. This review explores the potential synergistic interaction between viral persistence and microbial dysbiosis in pathogenesis. While acknowledging that current evidence regarding the microbiome is largely associative and derived from small…

Laser peripheral iridotomy for dark-induced angle closure changes: A proof-of-concept studyCONCLUSION: LPI provided favorable outcomes in eyes with DACC, suggesting DACC to be a clinical entity of early-stage AC. If confirmed in controlled studies, this approach might help to prevent AC and AC glaucoma.

Tattoo-Associated Sarcoid-like Uveitis: A Multicenter Registry StudyBackground: This study aims to characterize the clinical features and outcomes of tattoo-associated sarcoid-like uveitis using a multicenter uveitis registry given the limited existing data. Design: This is a retrospective study. Participants: Ten patients (20 eyes) diagnosed with tattoo-associated sarcoid-like uveitis took part in the study. Methods: The data of patients newly evaluated at participating…

Unveiling Systemic Biomarkers and Metabolic Mechanisms in Glaucoma Progression from Multi-Omics InsightsEarly diagnosis of glaucoma remains challenging due to its asymptomatic onset and multifactorial pathological mechanisms. Growing evidence indicates that metabolic disorders and systemic molecular alterations play significant roles in glaucoma pathogenesis. However, reliable biomarkers and corresponding specific mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we employed a multi-omics approach that encompassed metabolomics, transcriptomics, and Mendelian randomization…

A novel superpixel based Vision Transformer for improving interpretability in glaucoma screeningInterpretability remains one of the major challenges in the clinical adoption of deep learning models for medical image analysis. In ophthalmology, particularly for glaucoma screening, explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods are essential for ensuring trust and diagnostic transparency. This study introduces the Superpixel-based Vision Transformer (SpxViT), a model designed to enhance interpretability while maintaining competitive…

Ocular manifestations of a rare congenital heart defect: Advanced glaucoma and retinal vein occlusion associated with double-chambered right ventricleCONCLUSION & IMPORTANCE: Congenital cardiac anomalies such as DCRV can result in secondary glaucoma and CRVO. However, reports of ocular complications in patients with congenital heart disease remain limited, warranting heightened clinical awareness. This case illustrates the importance of evaluating systemic and cardiac causes in patients presenting with glaucoma secondary to elevated ESVP. Appropriate investigation…

Using selective laser trabeculoplasty to manage glaucoma in a child with phakomatosis pigmentovascularisCONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: Glaucoma filtering procedures in cases of PPV pose a high risk of complications and SLT offers a less-invasive, potentially clinic-based alternative. While the patient did develop a choroidal effusion post-SLT, suspected to be secondary to decreased IOP, this resolved with medical management alone without the need for incisional surgery thus illustrating both…

Glaucoma Risk with Metformin and Sulfonylurea Therapies in Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort StudyCONCLUSION: This observational study found associations between diabetes medications and increased glaucoma diagnosis rates but cannot establish causality. Multiple competing explanations exist: reverse causation (clinicians preferentially prescribing metformin to diabetic patients with emerging glaucoma based on prior protective literature), confounding by indication (sicker patients requiring medication having inherently higher glaucoma risk), and detection bias (differential…

Multicenter analysis of nuclear cataract population parameters and their clinical correlations based on AS-OCTCONCLUSIONS: Automated AS-OCT image features has strong consistency in lens opacity grading. Potentials are also shown in supportive diagnosis and surgical planning in nuclear cataract.

Long-Term Clinical Course and Progression Patterns of Normal-Tension Glaucoma Following Disc HemorrhageCONCLUSIONS: RNFL thinning after DH occurred in diverse patterns, with a substantial proportion of eyes demonstrating late-phase stabilization. Clinical features indicative of smaller mechanical stress were likely key factors in attenuating glaucoma progression following DH.

A Comparative Analysis of Visual Field Test Results Using Tablet-Based and Table-Mounted Devices in a Telemedicine Program Set in Underserved AreasCONCLUSIONS: The MRF showed moderate agreement with the HFA across selected VF indices. These findings represent an initial step toward feasibility for telemedicine integration, with additional studies needed to determine reliability and clinical utility.

Design and Baseline Characteristics of Participants in the Clarifying the Optimal Application of Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty (SLT) Therapy (COAST) Trial 1CONCLUSIONS: COAST is a timely and potentially highly impactful trial that will clarify the optimal utilization of SLT for long-term glaucoma management without the need for alternative therapies such as medications or surgery. The COAST sample closely resembles the population of newly-diagnosed POAG/OHT patients for whom primary SLT would be appropriate, optimizing generalizability of study…

Optical coherence tomography in pediatric ophthalmology: Insights into ocular development, diagnosis and management of eye diseasesOptical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging modality that has revolutionized pediatric ophthalmology. This overview summarizes current evidence on OCT use across the pediatric age spectrum, emphasizing its role in imaging ocular development and guiding the diagnosis and management of pediatric eye diseases. Handheld OCT enables imaging in neonates, infants and children of any…

Exfoliation Syndrome in a Large Vietnamese American Clinic Population: Clinical Characteristics Including Prevalence of Glaucoma and Narrow AnglesCONCLUSION: This study is the first to investigate the prevalence and clinical characteristics of EXF in a Vietnamese American clinic population. In this cohort of Vietnamese patients from a single ophthalmic clinic, 1.8% were found to have exfoliation syndrome. Among the EXF cases, there were substantial numbers with narrow angles, glaucoma, and history of cataract…

"Best Pick and Hold" with "Wrap and Roll" technique for extreme subluxated crystalline lensBACKGROUND: A severely subluxated crystalline lens refers to significant displacement of the eye's natural lens from its normal position, often due to zonular weakness or rupture.[1] This condition can result from trauma, connective tissue disorders like Marfan syndrome, or advanced pseudoexfoliation.[2,3] Visual symptoms include blurred vision, monocular diplopia, and glare. On examination, lens edge may…

Charles bonnet syndrome with subsequent depression in acute angle-closure glaucoma: a case reportCharles Bonnet syndrome (CBS) presents with complex visual hallucinations in visually impaired individuals with preserved insight. While most commonly associated with macular degeneration, it may occur in glaucoma. CBS is often under-reported due to stigma and may progress to psychiatric morbidity. A 63-year-old man with bilateral visual loss following acute angle-closure glaucoma experienced vivid hallucinations…

Irreversible Ocular and Systemic Damage in ROSAH SyndromeCONCLUSIONS: ROSAH syndrome presents with distinctive ocular features, and recognition of ocular surface, corneal and anterior segment anomalies further broadens its phenotypic spectrum. Reactive amyloidosis is a possible complication of ROSAH syndrome, as in other autoinflammatory disorders. Early diagnosis is critical to prevent irreversible ocular and extraocular organ damage, and to guide timely, targeted therapeutic…

Canaloplasty and trabecular bypass glaucoma surgery: indications and outcomesPURPOSE OF REVIEW: Trabecular bypass stents and ab interno canaloplasty are popular micro-invasive glaucoma surgery approaches. This review summarizes recent evidence on outcomes, safety, and comparative effectiveness of these procedures.

A comprehensive review of management modalities for glaucoma and intraocular hypertension during pregnancyCONCLUSIONS: The findings advocate for a patient-centered approach that integrates evidence-based strategies to preserve maternal vision while ensuring fetal well-being. Ongoing research and interdisciplinary collaboration will be essential in developing new approaches while safeguarding both maternal and fetal health.

Predicting Intraocular Pressure From Glaucoma Patients Receiving Medication Treatment Using Explainable Machine LearningGlaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the visual system, and treatment is targeted toward lowering intraocular pressure. However, some patients fail to respond to treatment and their intraocular pressure levels remain high, risking continuous vision loss. Explainable machine learning provides a mechanism for both individual prognostication and the identification of factors associated with treatment…

Comparable performance of 3D and 2D anterior segment optical coherence tomography in predicting intraocular pressure reduction following cataract surgeryCONCLUSIONS: AS-OCT parameters improved the predictability of IOP reduction after phacoemulsification, with notably better performance in non-glaucoma eyes. 2D and 3D models showed comparable predictive ability.

Prevalence and risk factors of ocular surface disease in Algerian patients with glaucoma and/or ocular hypertensionCONCLUSION: Our results confirm the high prevalence of OSD in Algerian patients with glaucoma and/or ocular hypertension. Several risk factors, such as exposure to preserved eye drops, were associated with a higher prevalence of OSD. Management of glaucoma patients should include regular, systematic examination of the ocular surface and can be optimized by switching to…

CHARACTERIZING INTRAOCULAR LENS POSITION, STABILITY, AND IRIS MOBILITY IN EYES THAT HAVE UNDERGONE SUTURELESS INTRASCLERAL HAPTIC FIXATIONCONCLUSION: This study provides ultrasound-based evidence demonstrating a more posterior IOL position with increased iris mobility in eyes with an SIS-IOL. These data provide valuable information which may inform surgeons as they consider IOL selection and surgical technique.

A Knowledge-Guided Bi-Modal Network for the Classification of Anterior Chamber Angle ImagesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. When glaucoma is diagnosed, Anterior Chamber Angle (ACA) evaluation is the necessary step for the prognosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, current clinical evaluation methods are labor intensive and rely on expert judgment, which makes them inefficient. Automating ACA classification based on images using machine learning,…

Cortical gradient compression links cognition and transcriptomic signatures in primary angle-closure glaucomaThe cerebral cortex is organized along hierarchical gradients that integrate sensory and cognitive functions, yet whether this organization is disrupted in primary angle-closure glaucoma and contributes to cognitive impairment remains unclear. Here we examine cortical functional gradients in individuals with primary angle-closure glaucoma using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcriptomic analyses. We show that…

Building the Optometry Workforce in Somalia: A Strategic Approach to Preventing Avoidable Blindness and Expanding Access to Vision CareCONCLUSION: The findings indicate a high burden of preventable and treatable eye conditions and support the need for a structured optometry workforce in Somalia. We propose a three-component implementation framework: (1) workforce training (optometry and optical-technician education), (2) decentralized service delivery with referral pathways, and (3) sustainable multi-sector partnerships to expand access to vision care…

Primary Hyperaldosteronism: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Clinical AssociationsCONCLUSION: Improved screening protocols, standardized ARR cutoffs, and advanced imaging and genetic analyses are needed to enhance PA detection. Future research should validate cost-effective screening and clarify psychiatric-metabolic links for optimized management.

A large deletion spanning multiple enhancers near PITX2 increases primary open-angle glaucoma riskCONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE: Whole genome sequencing data captures rare structural variants with large effect sizes that are missed by conventional SNP and indel genotyping approaches, enabling improved POAG risk stratification. These data also expand the phenotypic spectrum of structural variation in the PITX2 locus from childhood glaucoma to adult-onset disease, where age at diagnosis and…

Genetic variants through exome sequencing in Spanish patients affected by primary congenital glaucoma and juvenile open-angle glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: WES is an effective diagnostic tool for early-onset glaucoma, enhancing clinical management and genetic counseling. It supports its use in routine diagnostics to enable early detection and intervention for at-risk relatives. Further research is needed to uncover additional genetic factors and refine testing guidelines.

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of visual disability in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide population-based study in KoreaCONCLUSION: The burden of AMD-related visual disability remains significant, highlighting the need for strategies to improve treatment adherence and ensure equitable access to vision-preserving care. The decreasing trend of visual disability in recent years suggests the practical benefit of improved access to anti-VEGF treatment through lower drug costs and expanded insurance coverage.

NRF2 Deficiency Disrupts Mitochondrial Homeostasis via NDUFS7 in Trabecular MeshworkThe trabecular meshwork (TM) plays a pivotal role in maintaining intraocular pressure (IOP) by regulating aqueous humor outflow. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) was identified as a key transcriptional controller of TM redox balance and mitochondrial function. Transcriptomic profiling of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP)-induced oxidative injury revealed NRF2 pathway involvement in TM cellular defense.…

An unusual case of Kabuki Syndrome with retinal ischaemia and neovascular glaucomaPurposeThis is the first report that describes a case of Kabuki syndrome with peripheral retinal ischemia and neovascular glaucoma.Case reportA 44-year-old woman with genetically confirmed Kabuki syndrome was referred with bilateral elevated intraocular pressure (circa 50mmHG in both eyes), and longstanding poor vision and high myopia (6/60 vision right, counting fingers left eye). Slit-lamp examination…

<em>ASPH-</em>related ectopia lentis revisited: genetic variability, clinical diversity, and evolving therapeutic approachesCONCLUSIONS: Scleral thinning and filtering blebs frequently occur at the site of lens subluxation and worsened by scleral surgery. Early lensectomy through a clear corneal approach minimizes scleral complications. Progressive cardiovascular involvement necessitates regular systemic monitoring.

Clinical characteristics and quality of life measures in children with glaucoma-suspect or glaucoma diagnoses in chronic, noninfectious uveitisCONCLUSIONS: Non-JIA uveitis and eyes with complications at uveitis presentation are more likely to develop glaucoma-related diagnoses. Parents/proxies of children with Gla^(+) reported lower QOL scores in both eye-specific and psychosocial functioning, highlighting the need for behavioral health interventions.

Retrospective study of photodynamic therapy for the GNA-Related Capillary Malformation spectrum of pediatric patientsCONCLUSIONS: Focusing on the various clinical manifestations of the GNARCMs, after except contraindications, PDT can be selected for treatment of pediatric patients, and its effectiveness and safety are worthy of affirmation.

Intravitreal Ranibizumab versus Vitreous Lavage for Postoperative Vitreous Hemorrhage in Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Randomized Controlled TrialCONCLUSION: VL and IVR were both associated with improved visual outcomes in patients with POVH throughout the 24-week follow-up period. The VL group achieved immediate BCVA improvement, and IVR showed a progressive improvement pattern. The VL group showed superior short-term efficiency. IVR showed a trend towards sustained recovery over the 24-week study period. In our…

Association of ocular symptom burden with sleep quality and psychological distress in patients with primary glaucoma: A cross-sectional studySleep problems and psychological distress are frequently reported by patients with primary glaucoma, yet the contribution of day‑to‑day ocular symptom burden has not been quantified with standard sleep and mental‑health metrics. We performed a single‑center cross‑sectional study of consecutive adults with primary glaucoma. Patients completed the study questionnaire, chart data provided visual acuity, visual field…

Deep Learning-Predicted RNFL Loss and Incident Glaucoma in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on AgingCONCLUSIONS: Deep learning-derived RNFL estimates from fundus photographs were associated with clinically meaningful structural change and predicted incident glaucoma in a population-based cohort. These findings highlight the potential of fundus-based deep learning models to enable glaucoma risk stratification in settings where OCT is impractical or unavailable.

Impact of ageing on progressive thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer in glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Normal ageing contributed around one half of RNFLT thinning observed in patients treated for glaucoma.

Characterisation of Ocular Manifestations in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis in Colombia: A Multicentric StudyTo describe the ocular manifestations in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Colombia. We conducted a retrospective observational study of electronic medical records from MS patients evaluated at three referral centres in Bogotá, Colombia, between 2013 and 2020. Inclusion criteria comprised adult patients diagnosed with MS, confirmed by neurologists following the 2017 McDonald criteria. Data on…

Remodelling of the lamina cribrosa of the sclera in optic nerve axonal injuryCONCLUSION: Remodelling of the LC of the sclera characterized by a predominance of collagenous tissue, primarily perivascularly, and accompanied by deformation of the anterior LC surface in individuals older than 60 years, together with a tendency toward increased deviation of ON axons passing through the LC, should be considered potential risk factors for ON axonal…

Trends in glaucoma morbidity in UzbekistanCONCLUSION: The findings confirm the growing relevance of glaucoma as a serious medical and social problem, particularly among the adult population. The results may serve as a basis for developing effective preventive measures and optimizing treatment strategies to reduce the rate of irreversible vision loss.

Topographic Agreement of Retinal Nerve Fiber and Ganglion Cell Loss Improves Incipient Glaucoma DetectionCONCLUSIONS: Combining corresponding sectors of the GCIPL and RNFL, and factoring in their correlation, produces a model with strong diagnostic accuracy both in early and incipient glaucoma. Attention to corresponding GCIPL and RNFL thickness loss in these sectors can help clinicians detect incipient glaucoma.

Family Screening in Glaucoma: A Scoping ReviewCONCLUSION: Over 30% of relatives of known primary glaucoma patients either have glaucoma or are diagnosed as suspects. Response rate to screening programs is low. These programs should focus on directly engaging with the relatives. More evidence is required to identify the ideal age at which glaucoma screening needs to commence.

Carotid intima-media thickness in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma: epidemiological and structural evidence from a cross-sectional studyCONCLUSION: This study observes an association between increased CIMT and POAG, especially in women and individuals with genetic susceptibility. These findings suggest that CIMT may be a useful biomarker with potential clinical relevance and propose possible vascular mechanisms underlying disease progression.

Targeted Management of Uveitis-Glaucoma-Hyphema Syndrome by Selective Haptic Removal: A Case ReportCONCLUSION: In selected cases of UGH syndrome, complete IOL exchange may be unnecessary. When the optic is well centred and the capsular bag intact, removal of the offending haptic alone can abolish pathological iris-IOL contact and resolve UGH manifestations.

Comparative Effectiveness of Timolol-Based Fixed-Combination Regimens for Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study Using Target Trial Emulation FrameworkCONCLUSIONS: In a nationwide real-world setting, PGA/timolol demonstrated superior long-term effectiveness compared with both CAI/timolol and AA/timolol, resulting in lower treatment failure rates and reduced need for additional medications or procedures. These findings suggest that PGA/timolol may be associated with the most favorable long-term effectiveness among timolol-based fixed combinations.

Two-color fluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy for <em>in vivo</em> mouse retinal ganglion cell imaging at the single-cell levelFluorescence scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) provides high-resolution en face imaging of the retina to investigate retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in both small animals and humans. Multicolor fluorescence SLO can further extend the anatomical and functional imaging capabilities; however, its in vivo implementation remains challenging due to optical aberrations, limited labeling strategies, and the need for…

Care Continuity and Risk of Glaucoma Surgery in Newly Diagnosed Primary Open-Angle GlaucomaCONCLUSIONS: Low care continuity is associated with increased risk of glaucoma surgery in patients with POAG. Therefore, interventions aimed at improving care continuity in patients with POAG should be considered to improve glaucoma treatment outcomes.

Effectiveness of a Hybrid Telemedicine Model for Glaucoma ManagementCONCLUSION: Approximately 95% of telemedicine visits had findings and assessments consistent with both preceding and subsequent in-person visits, indicating the effectiveness of a hybrid telemedicine model for monitoring and managing glaucoma progression.

Pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy (PPRCA): a systematic reviewCONCLUSION: PPRCA remains a clinically heterogeneous and under-recognised condition without standardised diagnostic or therapeutic protocols. This review highlights the need for consensus diagnostic criteria, longitudinal registries, and collaborative studies to improve clinical care and inform future research into its pathogenesis and management.

Micropulse Transscleral Cyclophotocoagulation for the Management of Diverse Glaucoma Types: A Multicenter Short-Term Real-World StudyCONCLUSION: MP-TSCPC safely provides sustained IOP control and medication reduction across diverse glaucoma types, supporting its role as a versatile alternative for both refractory and functional eyes with glaucoma. The real-world, multicenter nature of this study enhances its external validity, although its retrospective design and 12-month follow-up limit long-term generalizability.

No Optic Pit Retinoschisis (NOPIR): A Risk Factor for GlaucomaPurpose: Peripapillary and macular retinoschisis can occur without visible optic pits or advanced glaucomatous optic atrophy, a condition referred to as no optic pit retinoschisis (NOPIR). This study sought to further define the clinical features of NOPIR in a single-center case series. Methods: A retrospective study of consecutive cases of NOPIR was performed at The…

Non-Arteritic Anterior Ischaemic Optic Neuropathy and Its Masquerades: A Comprehensive Diagnostic ReviewNon-arteritic anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is the most common acute optic neuropathy in individuals over 50 years and presents with sudden, painless vision loss. However, due to the limited phenotypic repertoire of optic nerve injury, other conditions can closely mimic NAION, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. This review outlines the key clinical, imaging and systemic…

Longsha Kaihe Liuqi acupuncture in treatment of primary open angle glaucoma: a randomized controlled trialCONCLUSION: Longsha Kaihe Liuqi acupuncture combined with intraocular pressure-lowering eye drops can reduce IOP and regulate 24 h intraocular pressure rhythm, improve visual field and ameliorate TCM syndromes of POAG patients.

Routine blood tests and machine learning identify complications in high myopiaHigh myopia can lead to cataract, glaucoma, retinal detachment, choroidal neovascularisation, and macular degeneration, causing irreversible vision loss. Imaging detects these complications, but population screening is limited by equipment, and specialist availability. Here we show that a machine learning model using routine blood test results identifies people at increased risk of complications related to high…

Incidence and Prevalence of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidal Ideation in Patients with Uveitis and Scleritis in the TriNetX DatabaseCONCLUSION: There is increased risk of depression, anxiety, or SI in patients with uveitis or scleritis, including those with ocular complications or those prescribed systemic corticosteroids. These data highlight the need for physicians to consider a psychiatric review of systems into clinic visits for treatment of ocular inflammatory conditions.

Targeting CDH13 as a therapeutic strategy to mitigate pathological ocular angiogenesisNo abstract

Uveal melanoma associated with Nevus of Ota in a German Shepherd dogA 4-year-old male German Shepherd dog was presented with a 3-day history of ocular pain in the right eye. The owner reported facial skin hyperpigmentation on the right side since puppyhood, consistent with a congenital condition known as Nevus of Ota or (oculo)dermal melanocytosis. Ophthalmological examination of the right eye revealed diffuse corneal oedema, vascular…

Early Diagnosis of Glaucoma By Optical Coherence Tomography: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysisOptical coherence tomography (OCT) diagnostic technology is increasingly being integrated into clinical practice and is evolving rapidly. Performing a meta-analysis of these advancements can provide valuable insights to clinicians and healthcare decision-makers and help identify gaps that need further research and development. We conducted a systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) comparing the diagnostic accuracy…

Racial Disparities Associated with Non-Infectious Anterior Uveitis and Concurrent Ocular Conditions: Results from a Large Multi-Institutional Research NetworkCONCLUSION: Non-Hispanic White patients diagnosed with AU had higher odds of legal blindness, and epiretinal membrane compared to non-White patients. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to have glaucoma-related conditions at the time of AU diagnosis.

Archetypes of Binocular Visual Field Loss and Their Impact on Vision-Related Quality of Life in Glaucoma PatientsCONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate how archetypes can elucidate relationships between the location of a VF defect and different aspects of VR-QoL in glaucoma. This may help clinicians and patients better understand the impact of different types of VF defects.

A Study on Prevalence of Malarial Retinopathy among Malaria Cases and to Determine Its Presence as a Marker of Severe Malaria: Observations from Eastern IndiaCONCLUSION: Malarial retinopathy may serve as an important clinical biomarker for predicting severe malaria. All clinicians should be appropriately trained in performing direct ophthalmoscopy to detect the retinopathy changes.

Ferroptosis regulator NOX1 acts a diagnostic biomarker and mediates disease progression with the transcriptional regulation of STAT3 in glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: NOX1 was a good biomarker for characterizing POAG and promoted POAG progression through STAT3-mediated transcriptionally activation.

Association between concurrent orbital fracture and reduced glaucoma risk following ocular contusionCONCLUSION: Ocular contusion is associated with sustained glaucoma risk. Concurrent orbital fracture is associated with reduced risk, possibly by dissipating traumatic forces, and may aid in glaucoma risk stratification and long-term surveillance.

Association Between Pseudoexfoliation Glaucoma and Central Serous ChorioretinopathyCONCLUSIONS: PXG is associated with an increased hazard of developing CSCR compared with POAG. These findings suggest that PXG may be associated with an increased susceptibility to posterior segment vascular pathology. Prospective studies incorporating longitudinal imaging are warranted to further elucidate shared choroidal mechanisms underlying this association.

Clinical observation of the 6-month safety of the corneal endothelium after trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty surgeryObjective: To evaluate the safety of trabeculotome tunnelling trabeculoplasty (3T) in treating primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) by observing the changes in corneal endothelial cell quantity and morphology after surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective case series study. Patients diagnosed with POAG who underwent successful 3T surgery were recruited from the Department of Ophthalmology, Chengdu First…

Enhanced Sensitivity of Real-Time Intraocular Pressure Monitoring by Integration of a Wrinkled Gold-Based Capacitive Sensor with Parity-Time Symmetry Wireless Technology Glaucoma is an ophthalmic condition characterized by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to the obstruction of aqueous humor flow in the anterior chamber of the eye. This condition can damage the optic nerve, ultimately leading to blindness. Therefore, real-time monitoring of IOP is essential for preventing glaucoma and other ophthalmic diseases. A smart soft contact…

Pulsed synchrony regulation of intraocular and cerebrospinal fluid pressure: a novel paradigm for glaucoma pathogenesis and treatment Glaucoma, the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is characterized by the progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. While elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a core risk factor, the pathogenesis of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) remains unclear, as static IOP is within the normal range. Based on circadian fluctuations of IOP and…

Effect of micropulse trans-scleral cyclophotocoagulation (MP-TSCPC) on aqueous humour dynamics in patients with glaucoma and ocular hypertension: an observational study CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that MP-TSCPC reduces IOP primarily through decreased aqueous humour production, with no discernible impact on outflow pathways. These findings refine the understanding of MP-TSCPC's mechanism of action, highlighting its potential as a safe and effective treatment for glaucoma and OHT. Future studies should explore ways to enhance efficacy and long-term outcomes.

Emotional and Caregiver Burden in Adults with Glaucoma-Related Blindness at a Chinese Tertiary Center CONCLUSION: Glaucoma-related blindness imposes significant psychological and functional burdens on patients and caregivers, with evidence of emotional contagion. Effective control of intraocular pressure and mental health support for caregivers are critical to reducing caregiver burden.

Sociodemographic and Clinical Determinants of Glaucoma in a Sub-Saharan African Population: A Case-Control Study CONCLUSIONS: Age, family history of glaucoma, hypertension, myopia, and elevated IOP were key risk factors. Targeted screening and regular eye examinations among high-risk individuals may facilitate earlier detection and help prevent or delay progressive glaucomatous optic nerve damage.

MaxGRNet: A multi-axis vision transformer with improved generalization for eye disease classification using explainable AI with insertion-deletion operations on fundus images Eye diseases, including diabetic retinopathy (DR), glaucoma, and cataracts, represent a major global health concern and can lead to severe visual impairment or blindness if not identified in a timely manner. This study proposes a novel eye disease classification framework based on a multi-axis vision transformer (MaxViT) applied to color fundus images with Explainable Artificial…

Real-time intraocular pressure monitoring and responsive drug release in preclinical models by an all-polymer smart contact lens Glaucoma remains a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, yet conventional topical therapies are often hampered by poor patient adherence, and standard in-office applanation tonometry captures only static measurements, failing to capture the dynamic nature of intraocular pressure (IOP). Smart contact lenses have emerged as promising tools for home-based, real-time IOP monitoring and feedback-guided therapy;…

Mitochondria Transplantation Preserves Retinal Ganglion Cells and Promotes CNS Axonal Regeneration Mitochondrial dysfunction is a central driver of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss in glaucoma and other forms of optic neuropathies, leading to irreversible blindness. Here, we demonstrate that replenishing the mitochondrial pool through exogenous mitochondrial transplantation ("mitotherapy") in adult mice not only preserves neuronal survival but also promotes regenerative competence in the central nervous system…

Baseline risk factors for the development of open-angle glaucoma in a 12-year glaucoma incidence study: the Thessaloniki Eye Study CONCLUSION: Increased IOP, PEX, increased vertical c/d ratio, family history of glaucoma, history of heart attack and BP ≤140/90 increased the risk for incident OAG. Increased hours of sleep and alcohol consumption were inversely associated with the development of incident glaucoma.

Early Migration of Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) Gas Through the Optic Nerve Head Following Silicone Oil RemovalCONCLUSION: Early post-operative gas migration can result in severe and irreversible anatomical and functional outcomes, therefore it is required an urgent gas removal to reduce the possibility of irreversible complications. Unfortunately our case resulted in blindness in the affected eye.

Serum Alpha-1-Antitrypsin and Folic Acid as Biomarkers for Glaucoma RiskCONCLUSION: Glaucoma is associated with a distinct systemic biochemical pattern characterized by elevated AAT and reduced folate, alongside structural optic nerve damage. The relationship between AAT, folate and RNFL thickness suggests a potential interaction between inflammatory and metabolic pathways in glaucomatous neurodegeneration. These findings highlight AAT and folate as accessible systemic biomarkers warranting further longitudinal…

Anterior Segment, Static and Dynamic Pupillography Changes in Patients with Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma Using Different Types of Topical Antiglaucomatous AgentsCONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that the most commonly used antiglaucomatous agents increased ACD and ACA but did not affect other anterior segment structures, such as CCT, CV, or ACV. On the ocular surface, antiglaucomatous agents had significant negative effects. Meibography revealed adverse effects on the eyelids. Both first and mean NCTBUT were shortened. In pupillography,…

Integrating clinical and genetic insights in anterior segment dysgenesis with glaucoma: A contemporary reviewPurposeAnterior Segment Dysgenesis (ASD) encompasses a heterogeneous group of congenital ocular malformations resulting from disrupted differentiation of neural crest-derived tissues. These disorders frequently lead to developmental glaucoma, a major cause of childhood blindness. This review summarizes the current clinical, genetic, and management perspectives on ASD associated with glaucoma.MethodsA comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and…

Curcumin protects retinal photoreceptors in Glaucoma by activating prostaglandin D2 synthase-dependent NRF2 signalingGlaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness, involves oxidative stress-mediated damage to retinal photoreceptors. This study elucidates the molecular mechanism by which curcumin, a natural compound, protects retinal cells in glaucoma. Molecular docking and biochemical assays revealed that curcumin binds prostaglandin D2 synthase (PTGDS) with high affinity, leading to marked upregulation of PTGDS expression. In…

Variant-to-gene mapping identifies ARHGEF12 as a primary open-angle glaucoma effector gene operating within retinal ganglion cellsPrimary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness, has a strong genetic basis. The Primary Open-Angle African Ancestry Glaucoma Genetics study previously identified 46 risk loci. To pinpoint causal variants and their corresponding effector genes, we analyzed gene expression, chromatin accessibility, and conformation in two ocular cell-types: trabecular meshwork cells (hTMCs) and retinal…

Impact of glaucoma on quality of life: a systematic review and meta-analysis in EthiopiaCONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Nearly half of Ethiopian glaucoma patients experience impaired QoL. The certainty of this evidence is low to very low due to cross-sectional study designs and limited representativeness. Strengthening early detection, equitable access to eye care, patient education, and psychosocial support is essential, while community-based longitudinal studies are needed to generate higher-quality evidence.

Energetic diversity in retinal ganglion cells is modulated by neuronal activity and correlates with resilience to degenerationNeuronal function requires high energy expenditure that is likely customized to meet specific signaling demands. However, little is known about diversity of metabolic homeostasis among divergently-functioning types of neurons. To this end, we examined retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), a population of closely related, yet electrophysiologically distinct excitatory projection neurons. Using in vivo 2-photon imaging to…

Bioengineered 3D Human Trabecular Meshwork Models for Outflow Physiology and Glaucoma ResearchPrimary open angle glaucoma (POAG) is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness and is associated with dysfunction of the trabecular meshwork (TM), a three-dimensional (3D) structure that regulates aqueous humor outflow and, consequently, intraocular pressure (IOP). IOP is the only modifiable factor for glaucoma. Outflow facility is the inverse of aqueous humor outflow…

The Role of Viral Infection and Microbial Dysbiosis in Glaucoma: From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic StrategiesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness, yet vision loss often progresses despite effective intraocular pressure (IOP) control, suggesting the involvement of non-hydrodynamic mechanisms. This review explores the potential synergistic interaction between viral persistence and microbial dysbiosis in pathogenesis. While acknowledging that current evidence regarding the microbiome is largely associative and derived from small…

Intermediate Term Results of a Novel Minimally Invasive KeratoprosthesisCONCLUSIONS: The mi-KPro combines a minimally invasive surgical approach with a flexible nitinol backplate to achieve long-term retention, stable IOP, and preservation of posterior segment structure in severe chemical injury. These data support mi-KPro as a promising next-generation keratoprosthesis for high-risk corneal blindness.

Stem cell-based approaches for glaucoma treatment: a mini reviewGlaucoma, a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by the apoptotic loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and elevated intraocular pressure. Current intraocular pressure-lowering therapies often fail to halt disease progression, creating an urgent need for neuroprotective and regenerative strategies. Stem cell therapy, leveraging the dual capabilities of differentiation…

Predicting Intraocular Pressure From Glaucoma Patients Receiving Medication Treatment Using Explainable Machine LearningGlaucoma is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the visual system, and treatment is targeted toward lowering intraocular pressure. However, some patients fail to respond to treatment and their intraocular pressure levels remain high, risking continuous vision loss. Explainable machine learning provides a mechanism for both individual prognostication and the identification of factors associated with treatment…

Attention-Guided Hybrid Deep Learning with Fibonacci and Annular Ring Handcrafted Features for Glaucoma Detection in Retinal ImagesGlaucoma, a major contributor to irreversible blindness, often progresses silently, making early detection vital. Manual interpretation of retinal fundus images requires expertise and is prone to variability across clinicians. To solve the issue, a novel automated classification framework is proposed that leverages handcrafted features extracted from retinal zones segmented through a Fibonacci-based annular ring division…

Building the Optometry Workforce in Somalia: A Strategic Approach to Preventing Avoidable Blindness and Expanding Access to Vision CareCONCLUSION: The findings indicate a high burden of preventable and treatable eye conditions and support the need for a structured optometry workforce in Somalia. We propose a three-component implementation framework: (1) workforce training (optometry and optical-technician education), (2) decentralized service delivery with referral pathways, and (3) sustainable multi-sector partnerships to expand access to vision care…

Advances in the application of metal-organic frameworks in ophthalmologyThe global burden of vision impairment and blindness caused by eye diseases continues to grow. The eye's inherent physiological barriers-such as the corneal barrier and blood-retinal barrier-lead to challenges in traditional therapies, including low drug bioavailability, poor targeting, and the need for frequent administration. Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs), as a class of emerging porous materials, offer…

A Knowledge-Guided Bi-Modal Network for the Classification of Anterior Chamber Angle ImagesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness globally. When glaucoma is diagnosed, Anterior Chamber Angle (ACA) evaluation is the necessary step for the prognosis and treatment of glaucoma. However, current clinical evaluation methods are labor intensive and rely on expert judgment, which makes them inefficient. Automating ACA classification based on images using machine learning,…

Comparison of 360-Degree Trabeculotomy versus Traditional Angle Surgery in Primary Congenital Glaucoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-AnalysisCONCLUSIONS: 360° trabeculotomy showed greater reduction in IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications postoperatively than traditional angle surgery with improved success and reduced failure rates.

Prevalence, incidence and risk factors of visual disability in patients with exudative age-related macular degeneration: a nationwide population-based study in KoreaCONCLUSION: The burden of AMD-related visual disability remains significant, highlighting the need for strategies to improve treatment adherence and ensure equitable access to vision-preserving care. The decreasing trend of visual disability in recent years suggests the practical benefit of improved access to anti-VEGF treatment through lower drug costs and expanded insurance coverage.

Cellular responses of human Muller glia exposed to test dust pollutionAir pollution is a global environmental hazard and is associated with increased severity and progression of several retinal diseases, including glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration. Muller glia are radial glia in the retina that play essential roles in metabolic support, redox balance and neuroprotection. Despite their importance, the effects of pollution on retinal glial responses…

Family Screening in Glaucoma: A Scoping ReviewCONCLUSION: Over 30% of relatives of known primary glaucoma patients either have glaucoma or are diagnosed as suspects. Response rate to screening programs is low. These programs should focus on directly engaging with the relatives. More evidence is required to identify the ideal age at which glaucoma screening needs to commence.

Brain-Computer Interfaces for Vision Recovery in Precortical Vision LossCONCLUSION: BCIs are a promising experimental modality for precortical vision restoration. Continued research and interdisciplinary collaboration are essential to address current limitations.

GHRHR Deficiency Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival and Visual Functions in Experimental Glaucoma by Inhibiting FerroptosisGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. One hallmark of glaucoma is the degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). In this study, a dual role for growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRHR) modulation under glaucoma-relevant conditions and complementary injury paradigms involving the RGCs is identified. Using acute IOP elevation (retinal ischemia-reperfusion), chronic ocular hypertension…

Clinical features, management, and long-term visual outcomes of glaucoma associated with cosmetic iris implantsNo abstract

Comparative Effectiveness of Timolol-Based Fixed-Combination Regimens for Glaucoma: a Retrospective Cohort Study Using Target Trial Emulation FrameworkCONCLUSIONS: In a nationwide real-world setting, PGA/timolol demonstrated superior long-term effectiveness compared with both CAI/timolol and AA/timolol, resulting in lower treatment failure rates and reduced need for additional medications or procedures. These findings suggest that PGA/timolol may be associated with the most favorable long-term effectiveness among timolol-based fixed combinations.

Socioeconomic impact assessment of low vision and blindness on patients and households in ThailandCONCLUSION: Low vision and blindness due to incurable bilateral eye disease were associated with substantial income loss and transition out of paid employment, underscoring the need for integrated rehabilitation and social protection policies to address functional and socioeconomic needs.

Glaucoma Management Therapies and Clinical Outcomes in an African Population: A Review of Prospective StudiesGlaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness in Africa, with disease burden exacerbated by limited access to eye care, shortages of trained ophthalmologists, and socioeconomic disparities. This review synthesizes prospective and interventional studies evaluating glaucoma management modalities and associated clinical outcomes in an African population. Trabeculectomy remains the predominant surgical intervention, achieving success rates…

Glaucoma Classification Using a NFNet-Based Deep Learning Model with a Customized Hybrid Attention MechanismBackground/Objectives: Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, making accurate and efficient detection methods essential. One primary concern with glaucoma is that it often presents no early symptoms. Vision loss typically begins at the periphery and progresses unnoticed until it significantly affects central vision. Due to this gradual and usually silent progression, early…

Genetic analysis and clinical characteristics of sporadic and familial congenital cataracts in southern Chinese familiesINTRODUCTION: Congenital cataract is a major cause of blindness and severe visual impairment in children. It may occur as an isolated ocular abnormality or in combination with microcornea, microphthalmia, aniridia, or glaucoma. It can also be part of syndromic conditions. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is now recognized as an appropriate first-line approach for genetic testing in…

Racial Disparities Associated with Non-Infectious Anterior Uveitis and Concurrent Ocular Conditions: Results from a Large Multi-Institutional Research NetworkCONCLUSION: Non-Hispanic White patients diagnosed with AU had higher odds of legal blindness, and epiretinal membrane compared to non-White patients. Black and Hispanic patients were more likely to have glaucoma-related conditions at the time of AU diagnosis.

Ferroptosis regulator NOX1 acts a diagnostic biomarker and mediates disease progression with the transcriptional regulation of STAT3 in glaucomaCONCLUSIONS: NOX1 was a good biomarker for characterizing POAG and promoted POAG progression through STAT3-mediated transcriptionally activation.

Chinese expert consensus on the management of glaucoma as a chronic disease (2026)With the rapid aging of the population in China, the prevalence of glaucoma, as the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, continues to rise. The limited public awareness of glaucoma, coupled with inadequate diagnostic and therapeutic capacity at the primary healthcare level, substantially impedes early detection and timely intervention. As a chronic and progressive optic…